Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts FINCEN Form 114
FBAR Disclosure of Offshore Assets: the Importance of Issue Spotting
/in FBAR lawyers Minnesota, Legal Notes /by ManagerIt is terrifying that so many accountants who take on the legal issue of FBAR disclosure are not trained in issue spotting. It may be the number one of the top reasons why so many voluntary disclosures handled by accountants and even attorneys have gone so wrong.
A lot of tax professionals who are familiar with voluntary disclosures concerning foreign accounts simply concentrate on the bigger issue of FBAR penalties. However, due to this over-simplification of the voluntary disclosure, they ignore the fact that most disclosures of offshore assets involve a lot of related issues that, besides their own importance, may directly influence the FBAR disclosure strategy.
For example, I have seen cases where accountants would begin a voluntary disclosure process with respect to foreign investment accounts that contains foreign mutual funds – the issue that immediately should be spotted by the accountants as potentially involving PFICs. Unfortunately, most accountants are not even aware of the existence of PFICs and their unique place in the Internal Revenue Code. Then, without recognizing this problematic issue, these accountants would herd their clients into the IRS Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (OVDP) closed claiming that there was full compliance with the accounts and claiming that these accounts should be excluded from the OVDP Offshore Penalty. The end-result in such cases would often be the rejection of the exclusion based on PFIC increase in tax (i.e. the PFIC distributions were reported but incorrectly calculated – i.e. income tax non-compliance).
Obviously, how the case would turn out would ultimately depend on its particular facts, but this is an example indicate of the trend and why it is so important to engage in issue-spotting.
Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Help with Your Voluntary Disclosure of Offshore Assets
If you have undisclosed foreign assets that should have been disclosed to the IRS on the FBAR, Form 8398 or other information returns, contact Sherayzen Law Office for help.
Our experienced international tax law firm will thoroughly review your case, identify the issues involved in your case, estimate your FBAR penalties, propose a definite action plan on how to deal with your situation and implement this plan.
Call or email our experienced voluntary disclosure team NOW!
Official Treasury Currency Conversion Rates of December 31, 2012
/in FBAR lawyers Minnesota, Legal Notes /by ManagerEvery year, the U.S. Department of Treasure publishes its official currency conversion rates (they are called “Treasury’s Financial Management Service rates” or the “FMS rates”). Recently, the Treasury Department published the FMS rates for December 31, 2012. While there are other good reasons for the existence of these rates, the FMS rates for December 31 are especially important for persons who are required to file the FBARs.
The latest (January 2012) FBAR instructions require the use of Treasury’s Financial Management Service rates, if available, to determine the maximum value of a foreign bank account. In particular, the FBAR instructions state:
In the case of non-United States currency, convert the maximum account value for each account into United States dollars. Convert foreign currency by using the Treasury’s Financial Management Service rate (this rate may be found at www.fms.treas.gov) from the last day of the calendar year. If no Treasury Financial Management Service rate is available, use another verifiable exchange rate and provide the source of that rate. In valuing currency of a country that uses multiple exchange rates, use the rate that would apply if the currency in the account were converted into United States dollars on the last day of the calendar year.
For this reason, the international tax attorneys take their time to compile these rates with all updates. For your convenience, Sherayzen Law Office provides a table of the official Treasury currency conversion rates below (keep in mind, you still need to refer to the official website for any updates).
Country | Currency | Foreign Currency to $1.00 |
Afghanistan | Afghani | 51.8000 |
Albania | Lek | 105.6500 |
Algeria | Dinar | 77.8130 |
Angola | Kwanza | 95.0000 |
Antigua-Barbuda | East Caribbean Dollar | 2.7000 |
Argentina | Peso | 4.9100 |
Armenia | Dram | 406.0000 |
Australia | Dollar | 0.9640 |
Austria | Euro | 0.7590 |
Azerbaijan | Manat | 0.8000 |
Bahamas | Dollar | 1.0000 |
Bahrain | Dinar | 0.3770 |
Bangladesh | Taka | 81.0000 |
Barbados | Dollar | 2.0200 |
Belarus | Ruble | 8550.0000 |
Belgium | Euro | 0.7590 |
Belize | Dollar | 2.0000 |
Benin | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Bermuda | Dollar | 1.0000 |
Bolivia | Boliviano | 6.9600 |
Bosnia-Hercegovina | Marka | 1.4840 |
Botwana | Pula | 7.7700 |
Brazil | Real | 2.0470 |
Brunei | Dollar | 1.2220 |
Bulgaria | Lev | 1.4840 |
Burkina Faso | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Burma | Kyat | 852.0000 |
Burundi | Franc | 1535.0000 |
Cambodia (Khmer) | Riel | 4103.0000 |
Cameroon | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Canada | Dollar | 0.9950 |
Cape Verde | Escudo | 82.6850 |
Cayman Islands | Dollar | 0.8200 |
Central African Republic | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Chad | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Chile | Peso | 478.3500 |
China | Renminbi | 6.2300 |
Colombia | Peso | 1766.4000 |
Comoros | Franc | 361.3500 |
Congo | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Congo, Dem. Rep | Congolese Franc | 920.0000 |
Costa Rica | Colon | 509.7000 |
Cote D’Ivoire | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Croatia | Kuna | 5.6300 |
Cuba | Peso | 1.0000 |
Cyprus | Euro | 0.7590 |
Czech Republic | Koruna | 18.6300 |
Denmark | Krone | 5.6600 |
Djibouti | Franc | 177.0000 |
Dominican Republic | Peso | 40.1000 |
Ecuador | Dolares | 1.0000 |
Egypt | Pound | 6.3560 |
El Salvador | Dolares | 1.0000 |
Equatorial Guinea | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Eritrea | Nakfa | 15.0000 |
Estonia | Euro | 0.7590 |
Ethiopia | Birr | 18.1800 |
Euro Zone | Euro | 0.7590 |
Fiji | Dollar | 1.7590 |
Finland | Euro | 0.7590 |
France | Euro | 0.7590 |
Gabon | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Gambia | Dalasi | 34.0000 |
Georgia | Lari | 1.6600 |
Germany FRG | Euro | 0.7590 |
Ghana | Cedi | 1.9050 |
Greece | Euro | 0.7590 |
Grenada | East Carribean Dollar | 2.7000 |
Guatemala | Quentzel | 7.9020 |
Guinea | Franc | 6970.0000 |
Guinea Bissau | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Guyana | Dollar | 202.0000 |
Haiti | Gourde | 42.1500 |
Honduras | Lempira | 19.9100 |
Hong Kong | Dollar | 7.7500 |
Hungary | Forint | 221.9600 |
Iceland | Krona | 128.0100 |
India | Rupee | 54.4500 |
Indonesia | Rupiah | 9700.0000 |
Iran | Rial | 8229.0000 |
Iraq | Dinar | 1166.0000 |
Ireland | Euro | 0.7590 |
Israel | Shekel | 3.7320 |
Italy | Euro | 0.7590 |
Jamaica | Dollar | 92.0000 |
Japan | Yen | 86.1600 |
Jerusalem | Shekel | 3.7320 |
Jordan | Dinar | 0.7080 |
Kazakhstan | Tenge | 150.7000 |
Kenya | Shilling | 86.1000 |
Korea | Won | 1063.2400 |
Kuwait | Dinar | 0.2810 |
Kyrgyzstan | Som | 47.1000 |
Laos | Kip | 7966.0000 |
Latvia | Lats | 0.5290 |
Lebanon | Pound | 1500.0000 |
Lesotho | South African Rand | 8.4850 |
Liberia | Dollar | 49.0000 |
Libya | Dinar | 1.2840 |
Lithuania | Litas | 2.6180 |
Luxembourg | Euro | 0.7590 |
Macao | Mop | 8.0000 |
Macedonia FYROM | Denar | 45.4000 |
Madagascar | Aria | 2267.8200 |
Malawi | Kwacha | 344.0000 |
Malaysia | Ringgit | 3.0570 |
Mali | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Malta | Euro | 0.7590 |
Marshall Islands | Dollar | 1.0000 |
Martinique | Euro | 0.7590 |
Mauritania | Ouguiya | 300.0000 |
Mauritius | Rupee | 30.4500 |
Mexico | New Peso | 13.0400 |
Micronesia | Dollar | 1.0000 |
Moldova | Leu | 12.0630 |
Mongolia | Tugrik | 1394.3100 |
Montenegro | Euro | 0.7590 |
Morocco | Dirham | 8.4340 |
Mozambique | Metical | 29.6000 |
Namibia | Dollar | 8.4850 |
Nepal | Rupee | 87.3000 |
Netherlands | Euro | 0.7590 |
Netherlands Antilles | Guilder | 1.7800 |
New Zealand | Dollar | 1.2160 |
Nicaragua | Cordoba | 24.1000 |
Niger | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Nigeria | Naira | 156.1000 |
Norway | Krone | 5.5840 |
Oman | Rial | 0.3850 |
Pakistan | Rupee | 97.1800 |
Palau | Dollar | 1.0000 |
Panama | Balboa | 1.0000 |
Papua New Guinea | Kina | 1.9440 |
Paraguay | Guarani | 4245.0000 |
Peru | Nuevo Sol | 2.5500 |
Philippines | Peso | 41.0400 |
Poland | Zloty | 3.1040 |
Portugal | Euro | 0.7590 |
Qatar | Riyal | 3.6400 |
Romania | Leu | 3.3660 |
Russia | Ruble | 30.5230 |
Rwanda | Franc | 630.0300 |
Sao Tome & Principe | Dobras | 18469.0610 |
Saudi Arabia | Riyal | 3.7500 |
Senegal | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Serbia | Dinar | 86.1800 |
Seychelles | Rupee | 12.9580 |
Sierra Leone | Leone | 4317.0000 |
Singapore | Dollar | 1.2220 |
Slovak | Euro | 0.7590 |
Slovenia | Euro | 0.7590 |
Solomon Islands | Dollar | 7.3210 |
South Africa | Rand | 8.4850 |
Spain | Euro | 0.7590 |
Sri Lanka | Rupee | 127.5000 |
St Lucia | East Carribean Dollar | 2.7000 |
Sudan | Pound | 5.9000 |
Suriname | Guilder | 3.3500 |
Swaziland | Lilangeni | 8.4850 |
Sweden | Krona | 6.5120 |
Switzerland | Franc | 0.9160 |
Syria | Pound | 63.0000 |
Taiwan | Dollar | 29.0440 |
Tajikistan | Somoni | 4.7600 |
Tanzania | Shilling | 1580.0000 |
Thailand | Baht | 30.5800 |
Timor-Leste | Dili | 1.0000 |
Togo | CFA Franc | 496.0000 |
Tonga | Pa’anga | 1.6570 |
Trinidad & Tobago | Dollar | 6.3500 |
Tunisia | Dinar | 1.5500 |
Turkey | Lira | 1.7860 |
Turkmenistan | Manat | 2.8430 |
Uganda | Shilling | 2686.0000 |
Ukraine | Hryvnia | 8.0400 |
United Arab Emirates | Dirham | 3.6730 |
United Kingdom | Pound Sterling | 0.6180 |
Uruguay | New Peso | 19.0500 |
Uzbekistan | Som | 2014.0000 |
Vanuatu | Vatu | 90.1000 |
Venezuela | New Bolivar | 4.3000 |
Vietnam | Dong | 21000.0000 |
Western Samoa | Tala | 2.2050 |
Yemen | Rial | 214.5000 |
Zambia | Kwacha | 5185.0000 |
Zimbabwe | Dollar | 1.0000 |
1. Lesotho’s loti is pegged to South African Rand 1:1 basis
2. Macao is also spelled Macau: currency is Macanese pataka
3. Macedonia: due to the conflict over name with Greece, the official name if FYROM – former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
4. Please, refer to the Treasury’s website for amendments regarding any reportable transactions in January, February, and March of 2013.
Do I need an Accountant or Attorney for Form 8938 Offshore Assets Disclosure?
/in FBAR audit tax attorney, Form 8938 tax attorney Minneapolis, Legal Notes /by ManagerA lot of taxpayers are still confused about whether they need an attorney or an accountant to file delinquent Forms 8938. As I explain below, Form 8938 is an essentially legal disclosure form and its voluntary disclosure should be handled by an experienced international tax attorney.
Form 8938 Requires Legal Disclosure
It is important to understand that Form 8938, more than any other form except the FBAR now Form 114 (formerly TD F 90-22.1), requires a legal disclosure of specified foreign assets. The form does not involve any accounting calculations of tax liability or even knowledge of US GAAP (something that other information tax returns, like Forms 5471 or 8865, may require). The taxpayer simply needs to disclose his ownership of specified offshore assets according to the instructions of Form 8938.
Failure to File Form 8938 Is a Legal Issue
Since Form 8938 is a legal disclosure form, the failure to file the form and the penalties associated with the form constitute a legal problem that should be handled by an international tax attorney, not an accountant.
This is even more the case because the strategy with respect to handling Form 8938 and the explanation of the reasonable cause require advocacy – a critical skill which is a part of an attorney’s basic training, which accountants are not trained in.
Clients need an advocate to deliver their position to the IRS in a clear manner. Clients need an advocate to be able to interpret the law, not simply assume that what the IRS agent is saying is the only true version of the law. Finally, clients need an advocate to defend their interests with skill and persuasion.
Tax attorneys are advocates, in addition to performing calculations. Despite the seeming confusion over the role of the two professions, an attorney’s entire approach is likely to be radically different from that of an accountant simply because attorneys are trained to think and act in a completely different manner.
Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Legal Help with Your Voluntary Disclosure of Specified Foreign Assets
If you have undisclosed offshore assets that should have been disclosed on Form 8938, contact Sherayzen Law Office. Our experienced international tax firm will thoroughly analyze your case, estimate your potential Form 8938 penalties, identify all non-compliance issues, and develop a comprehensive approach to your offshore voluntary disclosure.
FBAR Disclosure: Fighting the Small Accounts Myth
/in FBAR audit tax attorney, Legal Notes /by ManagerA Minneapolis attorney recently said to me that he has a client who has not filed the FBARs but that client has a number of small accounts and no large accounts; the attorney wanted my opinion on whether it is worth it for smaller clients to go through the trouble of disclosing the accounts to the IRS. My answer was an emphatic YES!
This is exactly the type of myths that I have to battle when I get calls from all around the world from potential clients with smaller accounts. The general impression among these clients is that the IRS will only enforce the FBAR requirement against the “big fish” and there is no need to trouble themselves with voluntary disclosure of FBARs.
Unfortunately, this impression cannot be further from the truth. Tax experts around the country agree that the IRS enforcement of the FBAR requirements has risen to an unprecedented level. The risk of detection, especially once FATCA is fully implemented by the end of the year 2013, has been steadily growing since the 2008 UBS case, fed further by the information disclosed by the participants in the IRS voluntary disclosure programs. As a result, the number of the FBAR prosecutions by the IRS has also risen dramatically.
Given the draconian penalties associated with willful failure to file the FBAR and the high risk of detection, it is imperative for the small accountholders to go through the voluntary disclosure process (either through the 2012 OVDP or its alternatives) before the IRS finds them.
Moreover, for the smaller taxpayers who just found out about the FBAR and who may have a reasonable cause argument, there is an incentive to disclose the FBARs as soon as possible because, with an able attorney experienced in FBAR disclosures, they may be able to dramatically reduce and even eliminate the FBAR penalties.
However, the original non-willfulness can easily grow into willfulness where the taxpayers learn about the existence of the FBAR requirement, consciously disregard it and fail to file the FBARs. At that point, the original innocence of non-willful ignorance is gone, and the taxpayer is likely to face the imposition of much heavier penalties by the IRS.
It is worth noting, moreover, that in these willful cases, the imperative to do voluntary disclosure should be even higher precisely because the IRS is likely to impose unbearably high penalties otherwise. This is why the IRS created the 2012 Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program so that these taxpayers can bring themselves back into tax compliance without fear of criminal prosecution.
It should be clear to all non-compliant US taxpayers – voluntary disclosure of offshore accounts is almost always better than the IRS finding your non-disclosed account. In my practice, the practice of FBAR voluntary disclosure has always been more beneficial to my clients whether they were located in Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Tampa, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Germany, Switzerland or any other country.
Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Help with Delinquent FBARs
If you have undisclosed foreign accounts and have not filed your FBARs, contact Sherayzen Law Office for help. Our experienced FBAR tax firm will thoroughly analyze your case, assess your current FBAR liability, examine your voluntary disclosure options and implement a comprehensive voluntary disclosure strategy striving to achieve the best result for you.