FBAR Penalties vs Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program Penalties

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There is a great confusion among international tax attorneys and Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (OVDP) applicants with respect to the OVDP Offshore Penalty and how it differs from the FBAR penalties. I already described in another article the OVDP penalties. In this article, I would like to compare and contrast some of the major features of the OVDP Offshore Penalty with the FBAR penalties.

FBAR Penalties

FBAR is one of the most unforgiving forms on the planet. The penalties associated with delinquent FBARs can be terrifying.

At the apex of the penalty structure are the criminal penalties that are imposed in association with a willful violation of the FBAR filing requirements under 31 U.S.C. section 5322(a), 31 U.S.C. section 5322(b), or 18 U.S.C. Section 1001. The criminal penalties may be up to 10 years in jail and $500,000 in fines.

Willful (i.e. where a person willfully fails to report an account or account identifying information) civil penalties equal to the greater of $100,000 or 50 percent of the balance in the account at the time of the violation. See 31 U.S.C. section 5321(a)(5). Note, that a penalty in this case applies to each violation which is defined as each undisclosed account per year.

Even where the violation is non-willful, a person may be subject to a civil penalty of $10,000 per violation. Again, note that this is a penalty per violation – i.e. per each unreported account per each year.

For the purposes of this article, it is also important to note that the penalties apply only to “foreign financial accounts”. This term is defined broadly to include various types of accounts which are not normally associated with the word “account” (for example: a precious metals storage or a life insurance policy with a cash-surrender value). Nevertheless, the FBAR penalty would not apply to real estate or a business interest; it would apply only to foreign financial accounts – i.e. the balances on the foreign financial accounts and the number of these accounts constitute the primary penalty base for the calculation of the FBAR penalties.

OVDP Offshore Penalties

In contrast to traditional FBAR penalties, OVDP Offshore Penalty may mean a completely different penalty range and penalty base.

Offshore Penalty Range

Unlike the FBAR penalties, OVDP Offshore Penalty is a limited penalty – i.e. there is a certain penalty that you have to pay by virtue of participating into the program. It is very important to understand that most individual circumstances, willfulness, non-willfulness and reasonable case have virtually no impact on the calculation of the Offshore Penalty.

There are three tiers of the OVDP Offshore Penalty. First, there is a 5% penalty tier. There are various possibilities how one would be entitled to such a favorable treatment; a detailed discussion of the 5% penalty possibilities is described elsewhere on sherayzenlaw.com.

Second, there is a 12.5% penalty tier. An OVDP applicant would be entitled to this penalty tier only if, during each of the years covered by the OVDP, the taxpayer’s penalty base (see below for detailed explanation of what “penalty base” means) is less than $75,000.

Finally, if neither 5% nor 12.5% penalty tiers apply, the default penalty of 27.5% of the penalty base will apply.

Penalty Base

As important as the penalty range, it pales in comparison to the determination of the OVDP Offshore Penalty base, because these calculations can be vastly different from the FBAR penalties.

First, the Offshore Penalty is imposed only once on the highest amount of the penalty base during the Voluntary Disclosure period (i.e. years covered by the OVDP which sometimes can be quite tricky to figure out).

Second, the base for the Offshore Penalty includes a wide variety of assets including foreign bank accounts, the fair market value of assets in undisclosed offshore entities, and the fair market value of any foreign assets that were either acquired with improperly untaxed funds or produced improperly untaxed income. The general rule is that the offshore penalty is intended to apply to all of the taxpayer’s offshore holdings that are related in any way to tax non-compliance, regardless of the form of the taxpayer’s ownership or the character of the asset.

This means that the Offshore Penalty may include such assets as business ownership interests, stocks, artwork, automobiles, patents, trademarks, and (very important) real estate. Even ownership of U.S. businesses acquired with tainted funds may be open to the Offshore Penalty.

In other words, the penalty base of the OVDP Offshore Penalty may include a much greater variety of assets in addition to the assets already covered by the FBAR.

Penalty Differences Between FBARs and OVDP Should Influence Your Voluntary Disclosure Options

Given the tremendous differences in the range of penalties and the calculation of the penalty base, it is highly important (and I cannot stress this point enough) to properly analyze the potential tax liabilities under both methods before making the decision on whether to enter the OVDP or pursue a reasonable cause (so-called “noisy” or “modified”) voluntary disclosure. It is highly important that the client understands the differences in the calculations and the potential risks of pursuing either option.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Professional Help With the Disclosure of Your Foreign Financial Accounts

If you have undisclosed foreign financial accounts or other offshore assets, contact Sherayzen Law Office for legal help. Our experienced international tax law firm will thoroughly analyze your case, calculate your potential tax liabilities, present you with a range of options, and implement your voluntary disclosure plan (including preparation of all tax forms and legal documents).

Foreign Tax Credit for Individuals: Who Can Take It?

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If you paid or accrued foreign taxes to a foreign country on foreign source income and are subject to U.S. tax on the same income, you may be able to take these qualified foreign taxes as a tax credit to offset (in part or in full) your U.S. tax liability. An important questions arises for foreign tax credit attorneys: who is eligible to claim a foreign tax credit on his individual U.S. tax returns.

The first and most obvious category consists of U.S. citizens. If you are a U.S. citizen, you would usually be entitled to take a credit for foreign taxes that you paid or accrued. Part of the reason for this eligibility is the fact that, as a U.S. citizen, you are taxed by the U.S. government on your worldwide income irrespective of where you live.

Resident aliens constitute the second eligible category to claim foreign tax credit. Same reasoning applies as to U.S. citizens.

In most cases, nonresident aliens would not be able to take a foreign tax credit. However, there are important exceptions. The two major exceptions are: Puerto Rico residency or ECI (Effectively Connected Income).

The latter exception requires a bit more explanation. If you are a non-resident alien who pays or accrues tax to a foreign country or a U.S. possession on income from foreign sources that is effectively connected (here where the “ECI” term comes into play) with a trade or business in the United States, then you may be able to claim foreign tax credit on your individual U.S. tax return. ECI is a term of art and whether your foreign income is effectively connected with a trade or business in the United States is a complex legal question that should be reviewed by an international tax attorney.

Note that, where a non-resident alien pays foreign taxes on income from U.S. sources only because he is a citizen or resident of that foreign country, then this tax cannot be used in figuring the amount of the foreign tax credit.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Professional Help with Your Foreign Tax Credit

Claiming a foreign tax credit can be a very complex tax question and you need the right professionals to help you. Contact Sherayzen Law Office for experienced professional help with your foreign tax credit issues.

2013 4th Quarter Underpayment and Overpayment Interest Rates

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The underpayment and overpayment interest rates will remain the same for the calendar quarter beginning October 1, 2013. The rates will be:

three (3) percent for overpayments [two (2) percent in the case of a corporation];
three (3) percent for underpayments;
five (5) percent for large corporate underpayments; and
one-half (0.5) percent for the portion of a corporate overpayment exceeding $10,000.

Under the Internal Revenue Code, the rate of interest is determined on a quarterly basis. For taxpayers other than corporations, the overpayment and underpayment rate is the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points.

Generally, in the case of a corporation, the underpayment rate is the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points and the overpayment rate is the federal short-term rate plus 2 percentage points. The rate for large corporate underpayments is the federal short-term rate plus 5 percentage points. The rate on the portion of a corporate overpayment of tax exceeding $10,000 for a taxable period is the federal short-term rate plus one-half (0.5) of a percentage point.

The rate for large corporate underpayments is the federal short-term rate plus 5 percentage points. The rate on the portion of a corporate overpayment of tax exceeding $10,000 for a taxable period is the federal short-term rate plus one-half (0.5) of a percentage point.

Interest factors for daily compound interest for annual rates of 0.5 percent are published in Appendix A of Revenue Ruling 2011-32. Interest factors for daily compound interest for annual rates of 2 percent, 3 percent and 5 percent are published in Tables 7, 9, 11, and 15 of Rev. Proc. 95-17, 1995-1 C.B. 561, 563, 565, and 569.

2014 Tax Season to Start Later Following Government Closure

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The IRS recently announced a delay of approximately one to two weeks to the start of the 2014 filing season to allow adequate time to program and test tax processing systems following the 16-day federal government closure.

The IRS is exploring options to shorten the expected delay and will announce a final decision on the start of the 2014 filing season in December, Acting IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel said. The original start date of the 2014 filing season was January 21, 2014, and with a one- to two-week delay, the IRS would start accepting and processing 2013 individual tax returns no earlier than January 28.

The government closure came during the peak period for preparing IRS systems for the 2014 filing season. Programming, testing and deployment of more than 50 IRS systems is needed to handle processing of nearly 150 million tax returns. Updating these core systems is a complex, year-round process with the majority of the work beginning in the fall of each year.

About 90 percent of IRS operations were closed during the shutdown, with some major workstreams closed entirely during this period, putting the IRS nearly three weeks behind its tight timetable for being ready to start the 2014 filing season. There are additional training, programming and testing demands on IRS systems this year in order to provide additional refund fraud and identity theft detection and prevention.

“Readying our systems to handle the tax season is an intricate, detailed process, and we must take the time to get it right,” Werfel said. “The adjustment to the start of the filing season provides us the necessary time to program, test and validate our systems so that we can provide a smooth filing and refund process for the nation’s taxpayers. We want the public and tax professionals to know about the delay well in advance so they can prepare for a later start of the filing season.”

The IRS will not process paper tax returns before the start date, which will be announced in December. There is no advantage to filing on paper before the opening date, and taxpayers will receive their tax refunds much faster by using e-file with direct deposit. The April 15 tax deadline is set by statute and will remain in place.

IRS Releases Proposed Guidance for FFIs under FATCA

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On October 29, 2013, many Austin FATCA tax lawyers received the news that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service issued a notice for foreign financial institutions (FFIs) to comply with the information reporting and withholding tax provisions of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). FATCA is rapidly becoming the global standard in the effort to curb offshore tax evasion.

To date, Treasury has signed nine intergovernmental agreements (IGAs), has reached 16 agreements in substance, and is engaged in related conversations with many more jurisdictions.

The notice, which is the next step in implementation, previews proposed guidance and provides a draft agreement for participating FFIs directly engaging in agreements with the IRS and those reporting through a Model 2 IGA (like Switzerland). It provides FFIs with advance notice prior to the beginning of FATCA withholding and account due diligence requirements on July 1, 2014. The FFI agreement will be finalized by year end.

“The Agreement and forthcoming guidance have been designed to minimize administrative burdens and related costs for foreign financial institutions and withholding agents,” said Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Tax Affairs Robert B. Stack. “Today’s preview demonstrates the Administration’s commitment to ensuring full global cooperation and a smooth implementation.”

Congress enacted FATCA in 2010 as a way to identify U.S. citizens using foreign accounts to evade their U.S. tax responsibilities. FATCA requires U.S. financial institutions to withhold a portion of payments made to FFIs that do not agree to identify and report information on U.S. account holders.

Treasury has taken a global approach to the exchange of tax information in its implementation of FATCA. To address situations where foreign law would prevent an FFI from complying with the terms of an FFI agreement, Treasury developed two alternative model IGAs. Under Model 1, FFIs report to their respective governments who then relay that information to the IRS. Under Model 2, FFIs report directly to the IRS to the extent that the account holder consents or such reporting is otherwise legally permitted, and such direct reporting is supplemented by information exchange between governments with respect to non-consenting accounts.

October 29th Notice provides guidance to FFIs entering into agreements directly with the IRS, and to those reporting through a Model 2 IGA. The notice incorporates updates to certain due diligence, withholding, and other reporting requirements, and includes a draft FFI agreement. The draft FFI agreement will be finalized by December 31, 2013. Treasury and the IRS will continue to provide more detailed guidance on FATCA implementation as necessary.

The regulations were intentionally designed to appropriately balance the scope of entities and accounts subject to FATCA with due diligence requirements, while also phasing in the related obligations over several years. For example, the final regulations exempt all preexisting accounts held by individuals with $50,000 or less from review. For similar accounts with less than $1,000,000, an FFI is only required to search the account information that is electronically available. In many cases, FFIs are permitted to rely on information that they already must collect for local anti-money laundering and know-your-customer rules.

Many of these cost-saving simplifications were the result of comments received from affected financial institutions and foreign governments, which helped us to tailor the rules to achieve the policy objectives of the statute without imposing undue burdens or costs.

While withholding requirements begin next July and the first report of FATCA information is due in 2015, the IRS FATCA registration website is already open so that FFIs can begin testing the registration process and entering information.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Help with Undisclosed Offshore Accounts

If you have undisclosed foreign financial accounts overseas, contact Sherayzen Law Office for professional legal and accounting help. Our experienced international tax firm will thoroughly review your case, analyze the existing potential liabilities, propose appropriate solutions and implement the plan tailored to the facts of your case.