Tax Lawyers Minneapolis

Interest Rates for the Third Quarter of 2013

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On May 23, 2013, the Internal Revenue Service today announced that interest rates will remain the same for the calendar quarter beginning July 1, 2013, as in the prior quarter. The rates will be:

• three (3) percent for overpayments [two (2) percent in the case of a corporation];
• three (3) percent for underpayments;
• five (5) percent for large corporate underpayments; and
• one-half (0.5) percent for the portion of a corporate overpayment exceeding $10,000.

Under the Internal Revenue Code, the rate of interest is determined on a quarterly basis. For taxpayers other than corporations, the overpayment and underpayment rate is the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points.

Generally, in the case of a corporation, the underpayment rate is the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points and the overpayment rate is the federal short-term rate plus 2 percentage points. The rate for large corporate underpayments is the federal short-term rate plus 5 percentage points. The rate on the portion of a corporate overpayment of tax exceeding $10,000 for a taxable period is the federal short-term rate plus one-half (0.5) of a percentage point.
The interest rates announced today are computed from the federal short-term rate determined during April 2013 to take effect May 1, 2013, based on daily compounding.

IRS Will Be Closed Five Extra Days in 2013; Filing and Payment Deadlines

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On May 15, 2013, the Internal Revenue Service announced additional details about the closures planned for May 24, June 14, July 5, July 22 and August 30, 2013.

Due to the current budget situation, including the sequester, all IRS operations will be closed on those days. This means that all IRS offices, including all toll-free hotlines, the Taxpayer Advocate Service and the agency’s nearly 400 taxpayer assistance centers nationwide, will be closed on those days. IRS employees will be furloughed without pay. No tax returns will be processed and no compliance-related activities will take place.

Taxpayers needing to contact the IRS about their returns or payments should be sure to take these furlough dates into account. In some instances, this may include taxpayers with returns or payments due soon after a furlough day, such as the June 17 deadline for taxpayers abroad and those making a second-quarter estimated tax payment as well as the September 3 deadline for truckers filing a highway use tax return.

No Impact on Tax-Filing and Tax-Payment Deadlines, but No Confirmation of Receipt

Because none of the furlough days are considered federal holidays, the shutdown will have no impact on any tax-filing deadlines. The IRS will be unable to accept or acknowledge receipt of electronically-filed returns on any day the agency is shut down.

Similarly, tax-payment deadlines are also unaffected. The only tax payment deadlines coinciding with any of the furlough days relate to employment and excise tax deposits made by business taxpayers. These deposits must be made through the Treasury Department’s Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS), which will operate as usual.

Impact on Providing Documents to the IRS

IRS states that it will give taxpayers extra time to comply with a request to provide documents to the IRS. This includes administrative summonses, requests for records in connection with a return examination, review or compliance check, or document requests related to a collection matter. No additional time is given to respond to other agencies or the courts.

Where the last day for responding to an IRS request falls on a furlough day, the taxpayer will have until the next business day. If the last day to respond is Friday, May 24, for example, the taxpayer will have until Tuesday, May 28 to comply (Monday, May 27 is Memorial Day).

Some Services Will Continue to Function

Some web-based online tools and phone-based automated services will continue to function on furlough days, while others will be shut down. Available services include Withholding Calculator, Order A Transcript, EITC Assistant, Interactive Tax Assistant, the PTIN system for tax professionals, Tele-Tax and the Online Look-up Tool for those needing to repay the first-time homebuyer credit. Services not available on those days include Where’s My Refund? and the Online Payment Agreement.

Additional Furlough Days Possible

At a later date, the IRS may possibly announce one or two additional furlough days if necessary.

Requirements for Timely Filing Tax Returns for U.S. Persons Living Overseas

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Are you a U.S. person for living overseas who is required to file U.S. taxes? Then you should be especially aware of U.S. filing deadlines, and the importance of timely filing your tax return under IRC Section 7502. Filing a tax return is often stressful enough for most people living in the U.S. Filing a return while living overseas can be yet an additional burden, particularly for those who do not speak a foreign language fluently, or for those residing in remote areas where access to sufficient postal delivery may be limited. Failure to timely file your tax return can lead to penalties and interest (and further, failure to timely file a refund claim can result in the expiration of such a claim). Hence, if you are a U.S. person living overseas you should ensure that you follow the rules that are outlined in this article.

This article strives to explain the basics of IRC Section 7502 and various revenue rulings clarifying the IRS position regarding timely filing of U.S. tax returns and other documents mailed from foreign countries. It is not intended to constitute tax or legal advice.

International taxation can involve many complex tax and legal issues, so it is highly advisable to seek an experienced attorney in these matters. Sherayzen Law Office, PLLC can assist you in all of your tax and legal needs, and help you avoid making costly mistakes.

A Brief History of IRC Section 7502 and Other Rules

Under the general rule of Internal Revenue Code Section 7502:

“if any return, claim, statement, or other document required to be filed, or any payment required to be made, within a prescribed period or on or before a prescribed date under authority of any provision of the internal revenue laws is, after such period or such date, delivered by United States mail to the agency, officer, or office with which such return, claim, statement, or other document is required to be filed, or to which such payment is required to be made, the date of the United States postmark stamped on the cover in which such return, claim, statement, or other document, or payment, is mailed shall be deemed to be the date of delivery or the date of payment, as the case may be.”

In other words, generally, if a taxpayer mailed a return or the other specified items before a stated deadline, the mailing date would be treated as the filing date, even though the return or other specified documents were received after the actual deadline (this is also commonly known as the “mailbox rule”).

For U.S. taxpayers living overseas, in Rev. Rul. 80-218 the IRS further clarified, “United States federal tax returns mailed by taxpayers in foreign countries will be accepted as timely filed if they bear an official postmark dated on or before midnight of the last date prescribed for filing, including any extension of time for such filing.” Note that Rev. Rul. 80-218 only addressed federal tax returns, and not the other types of items specified in IRC Section 7502, above.

Obstacles Overseas Taxpayers Face in Timely Filing Their Tax Returns

U.S. taxpayers living overseas have faced many obstacles when mailing various tax documents to the IRS from foreign countries, though. For instance, Pekar v. Commissioner, 113 T.C. 158 (1999), the Tax Court upheld the IRS’ determination that a taxpayer was liable for an addition to tax under IRC Section 6651(a)(1) for failing to file a tax return on or before the date prescribed for filing, despite the fact that the foreign postmark date that appeared on the envelope with the return was the return’s due date. The Tax Court held that Section 7502 did not apply to foreign postmarks, and that “foreign postmarks do not effectively cause the filing date of a document to be the postmark date.” In Action on Decision 2002-04, however, the IRS later filed a motion requesting that the Tax Court modify its opinion, and stated it would not follow the opinion regarding whether the late-filing addition to tax penalty applies.

Because of uncertainty that existed as to what types of private mail delivery services would be viewed as acceptable for filing a federal tax return outside of the U.S., Congress added IRC Section 7502(f). IRS Notice 2004-83 subsequently updated the list of designated private delivery services, including certain international private delivery services.

In Rev. Rul. 2002-23, the IRS additionally addressed some of the unresolved issues mentioned above resulting from Pekar and various revenue rulings. The Service held that it would accept federal tax returns properly meeting the requirements of Rev. Rul. 80-218, and that, “A federal tax return, claim for refund, statement, or other document required or permitted to be filed with the Service or with the United States Tax Court that is given to a designated international delivery service before midnight on the last date prescribed for filing shall be deemed timely filed pursuant to section 7502(a), (d)(1), and (f)(1).”

IRS Audit and the Constructive Dividends Trap

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Do you own or work for a closely-held corporation? Do you make frequent payments between your small C corporation and your shareholders? Then you should be especially careful about the constructive dividend rules. Under these rules, the IRS can deem certain payments made to or on behalf of its shareholders as dividends, even though they have not been officially declared as dividends. In such cases, both the corporation and the shareholder may face steep additional tax liabilities, as well as significant penalties and interest on the resulting liabilities.

This article will explain the basics of constructive dividends. It is not intended to constitute tax or legal advice.

Corporate taxation can involve many complex tax and legal issues, so it may be advisable to seek an experienced attorney in these matters. Failure to do proper tax planning can result in significant adverse tax consequences. Sherayzen Law Office, Ltd. can assist you in all of your tax and legal needs, and help you avoid making costly mistakes.

Constructive Dividends

In general, a constructive dividend can be any type of economic benefit made to the shareholders by a corporation without an expectation of repayment that represents an undeclared dividend. If the economic benefits were primarily of a personal nature rather than business–related interests to the corporation, they will likely be treated as constructive dividends. Constructive dividends, as with declared dividends, can thus be distributions of cash and/or property as well as other types of payments that provide an economic benefit to the shareholder(s).

Because of the greater potential for self-dealing in closely-held and family-owned small corporations, the IRS is especially vigilant when it comes to possible constructive dividend situations in such entities. Shareholder-owners will often run afoul of tax laws if they attempt to have the corporation make payments for their personal, non-corporate related expenses, of if they try to distribute corporate profits to themselves by having the corporation report illegitimate expenses, rather than by paying a dividend.

Types of Constructive Dividends

There are numerous types of payments or economic benefits to shareholders that can be re-characterized as constructive dividends. If you are a shareholder in a closely-held corporation you should be aware of the possibilities.

One common constructive dividend is unreasonable compensation paid by a corporation to a shareholder-employee. Frequently, members of family-owned corporations will try to shift income by having their corporations pay excessive salaries (compared to the work actually performed) to family members who pay at lower tax rates, thereby reducing corporate net income at the same time. Because of the potential for tax abuse, shareholder-owners of small corporations will need to be able to show that the salaries paid were legitimate. Some factors to consider, among others, will be the nature and complexity of the work performed by the employee, the employee’s qualifications for the job, a comparison of salary paid by the corporation to prevailing salaries for similar jobs, as well as the ratio of dividends paid to salary by the corporation.

Bargain sales or rentals of property by the corporation to its shareholder(s) will also likely be deemed to be constructive dividends, depending upon the circumstances. For example, if a shareholder purchases property at a bargain rate below its true fair market value, a constructive dividend will arise on the amount of difference between what the property was purchased for and its actual value. Thus, if you are making such transactions, you should have a legitimate appraisal of the property and treat the sale at arm’s length in order to decrease the potential for a constructive dividend to be declared.

A constructive dividend can also arise when a corporation makes payments on behalf of its shareholder-employees personal expenses, or if the shareholder-employees use corporate property for personal use. An example of the latter situation may occur when shareholders use a company car or plane for non-corporate reasons without adequate payment to the corporation for personal use.

Constructive dividends may also be deemed by the IRS to be paid when a corporation makes payments to shareholders that are not bona fide loans. The determination of whether a payment was in fact a bona fide loan is a very complex tax issue that involves numerous factors, such as whether interest was actually paid by the shareholder to the corporation, and whether a loan agreement existed.

Proper Tax Planning is Required To Reduce the Probability of Constructive Dividend Classification During IRS Audit

While representing clients in IRS audits, I see that the widespread use of constructive dividends by the IRS. While this is a fairly common audit issue, it is appalling to see that this problem may have been prevented through timely tax planning by the taxpayers or their accountants.

This is why it is important to resolve this issue before the IRS audit begins, even if it means amending already filed tax returns. However, this is a job for an experienced tax attorney; I would strongly advise against doing the tax planning for such complex issues by yourself.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Help With Tax Planning

This is why you should contact Sherayzen Law Office before the IRS finds you. Attorney Eugene Sherayzen constantly deals with the IRS, and knows what to look for and where potential problems may arise, and we can use this knowledge to help you.

IRS Audit Reconsideration

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Have your tax returns been subject to an IRS audit? You should be aware that IRS procedures may allow you to contest the findings through IRS Audit Reconsideration, provided that you meet certain requirements. If the amount is significant or you believe that the IRS was erroneous in its determination, you contact Sherayzen Law Office, PLLC.  Our experienced law firm can assist you with your IRS Audit Reconsideration and help you avoid making costly mistakes.

This article will explain the basics of audit reconsideration. It is not intended to constitute tax or legal advice.

IRS Audit Reconsideration: Reasons the IRS May Reconsider an Audit

There are various reasons for which you may request IRS Audit Reconsideration. For example, if you were not able to appear for your audit, or if you moved during the audit and did not receive correspondence from the IRS, the IRS may grant the request. Additionally, if you believe that you have additional important information to substantiate your case that was not available to you during the audit, you may be allowed to have the IRS reconsider the audit. Further, if you disagree with the assessment from the audit, a request may be granted, depending upon the IRS’ discretion. You are well-advised not to make the determination by yourself about whether you have a sufficient reason for IRS Audit Reconsideration; this is a question for an experienced tax attorney.

Process for Requesting IRS Audit Reconsideration

In general, there are several steps you will need to take if you are requesting IRS Audit Reconsideration. If you are planning upon making the claim that you are presenting new evidence that you did not present before at the audit, you usually should first obtain all the necessary documentation that you will need to substantiate your claim and make sure that the evidence supports the correct tax years in question. You will then need to file a letter explaining your request for reconsideration, along with photocopies (originals will not be returned to you) of the evidence supporting your new claim.

The IRS notes that, provided you meet certain requirements, your IRS Audit Reconsideration request may be granted if: “You submit information that we have not considered previously. You filed a return after the IRS completed a return for you. You believe the IRS made a computational or processing error in assessing your tax. The liability is unpaid or credits are denied.” On the other hand, the IRS usually will not accept IRS Audit Reconsideration request if you signed an agreement agreeing to pay your amount of tax liability (such as a Form 906, Closing Agreement; a Compromise agreement; or an agreement on Form 870-AD with IRS Appeals), if the amount of tax you owe is due to the result of final partnership item adjustments under the Tax Equity Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA), or if the United States Tax Court, or another court, has rendered a final determination on your tax liability.

Once the documentation for the IRS Audit Reconsideration is received by the IRS, the IRS may send you a letter requesting follow-up information regarding your request. The IRS may delay collection activity once your initial letter is received; however, collection activity will resume if you fail to respond to request from the IRS for additional information within 30 calendar days, or if the IRS deems your documentation insufficient to support your claim.

Once the IRS has completed its review of your IRS Audit Reconsideration request, you will be notified as to whether your position was accepted or rejected. If you position was accepted, the IRS may either abate your assessed tax, or partially abate the tax, depending upon the circumstances. If your position is rejected, your assessed tax will stand. If you disagree with the results you may either pay the amount (either in full, or by making other payment arrangements), or by seeking certain other remedies. In future articles, we will explain other options you may have at that point.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Help With An IRS Audit

If you are currently being audited or the IRS already rendered its decision and you are looking for a way to challenge it, contact Sherayzen Law Office for professional legal help. Our experienced legal team will thoroughly analyze your case, determine the available options, implement the chosen course of action (including preparation of any tax forms) and rigorously defend your interests during IRS negotiations.