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Brazilian Mutual Funds: US Tax Obligations | International Tax Lawyer & Attorney

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It is a common, almost default practice in Brazil to invest in Brazilian mutual funds. While this practice is perfectly innocent for majority of Brazilians, it may present a huge compliance issue for Brazilians who are also US taxpayers. The problem is that this type of an investment draws at least two important US tax reporting requirements – FBAR and Form 8621. In this article, I will provide a broad overview of each of these requirements concerning Brazilian mutual funds.

Brazilian Mutual Funds: FBAR Reporting

FinCEN Form 114, the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, commonly known as “FBAR”, is undoubtedly the most important requirement that applies to US taxpayers with Brazilian mutual funds. As long they meet the filing threshold, US taxpayers are required to disclose all of their Brazilian mutual funds on FBAR.

The threshold is very easy to meet for two reasons. First, it is very low, just $10,000. Second, this threshold is determined by taking the calendar-year highest balances of all of the taxpayer’s foreign accounts and adding them all up. Sometimes, this results in significant over-reporting of a person’s actual balances, which easily satisfies the FBAR reporting threshold.

What makes FBAR compliance so important is its draconian penalty system. FBAR noncompliance may result in severe noncompliance penalties, even criminal penalties. Civil 2021 FBAR Civil Penalties | IRS FBAR Tax Lawyer & Attorney willful penalties are huge and are imposed on a per-account basis. Even if the taxpayer did not know about the existence of FBAR, the IRS may still impose large non-willful FBAR penalties.

Brazilian Mutual Funds: Form 8621 PFIC Reporting

The biggest practical problem with Brazilian mutual funds, however, lies in the fact that all of these funds are classified as Passive Foreign Investment Companies or PFICs under US international tax law. This is bad news for US taxpayers, because being an owner of a PFIC means a substantial tax compliance burden, especially under the default IRC Section 1291 rules.

There are four PFIC problems that make PFIC tax compliance so burdensome to US owners of foreign mutual funds. First, the PFIC tax and PFIC interest can be substantial. Moreover, since PFIC tax and PFIC interest are calculated independent of a taxpayer’s actual tax bracket, a taxpayer with Brazilian mutual funds may see a significant rise in his US tax liability. It may occur even in a situation where a taxpayer may not otherwise owe any tax to the IRS. This fact may also be significant in the context of an offshore voluntary disclosure.

Second, PFIC calculations may be very complex and expensive. The professional fees for PFIC calculations may easily outstrip all other professional fees related to other aspects of your US tax compliance.

Third, the actual disclosure of PFIC income occurs on Form 8621 before it is entered into your personal or business tax return. This information return must be filed with your US tax return. Unfortunately, since the vast majority of tax software programs (consumer and professional) do not support Form 8621 compliance, it is very likely that you will not be able to e-file your US tax return; rather, you may have to mail it.

Finally, Form 8621 is a very obscure requirement known mostly to a handful of US tax professionals who specialize in US international tax compliance (such as Sherayzen Law Office). This means that your local tax accountants are unlikely to be able to do PFIC calculations. Rather, in order to stay in full US tax compliance, you will have to secure help from someone among a very small number of PFIC specialists, like those at Sherayzen Law Office, that exist in the United States.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Professional Help With US Tax Reporting of Your Brazilian Mutual Funds

If you are a US owner of Brazilian mutual funds, contact Sherayzen Law Office for professional assistance. We have helped hundreds of US taxpayers resolve their US tax compliance issues concerning foreign mutual funds, including Brazilian mutual funds, and we can help you!

Contact Us Today to Schedule Your Confidential Consultation!

Indian Mutual Funds & US Person’s Tax Obligations | International Tax Attorney

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After having handled so many offshore voluntary disclosures for my Indian and Indian-American clients, I can clearly see that US tax reporting obligations concerning Indian mutual funds is one of the most troublesome areas for my clients. In this article, I will focus on the three most important US tax reporting requirements that may be applicable to US taxpayers with Indian mutual funds – FBAR, FATCA Form 8938 and Form 8621.

Indian Mutual Funds: FBAR Reporting

The first and most important requirement that applies to US taxpayers with Indian mutual funds is FinCEN Form 114, the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, commonly known as “FBAR”. As long they meet the filing threshold, US taxpayers are required to disclose all of their Indian mutual funds on FBAR.

FBAR is a very dangerous form. On the one hand, it is very easy to fall into noncompliance with this form due to its very low filing threshold – just $10,000. Moreover, this threshold is determined by taking the calendar-year highest balances of all of the taxpayer’s foreign accounts (even if these accounts are located in another country in addition to India) and adding them all up. Sometimes, this results in significant over-reporting of a person’s actual balances, which easily satisfies the FBAR reporting threshold.

On the other hand, FBAR has the most severe noncompliance penalties among all information returns concerning foreign asset disclosure. Its penalties range from non-willful penalties (i.e. potentially a situation where a person simply did not know about FBAR’s existence) to extremely high civil willful penalties and even criminal penalties. In other words, in certain circumstances, FBAR noncompliance may result in actual jail time.

Indian Mutual Funds: FATCA Form 8938

When it comes to the FATCA Form 8938 compliance, a taxpayer with Indian mutual funds will find it fairly easy as long as he correctly files his Forms 8621 (see below) and indicates on Form 8938 how many of these forms were filed with the tax return. This ease of reporting is meant to alleviate double-reporting of foreign mutual funds on a US tax return.

It is important to emphasize three points with respect to Form 8938 compliance for taxpayers with Indian mutual funds. First, even if you file Forms 8621, Form 8938 must still be attached to your tax return as long as you meet the relevant filing threshold (and the assets listed on Forms 8621 must be counted toward the threshold). Failure to file a Form 8938 may still draw a penalty in these circumstances and keep the statute of limitations open on your entire US tax return.

Second, Form 8938 and Form 8621 compliance does not in any way affect your obligation to file FBARs. This is the case even if this means that the same assets are reported three times.

Third, unlike FBAR, Form 8938 comes with a third-party FATCA verification mechanism. Under FATCA, the IRS should receive foreign-account information not only from taxpayers who file Forms 8938, but also from their foreign financial institutions. This means that it is much easier for the IRS to identify Form 8938 (and thereby Form 8621) noncompliance than that of FBAR. It also means that a Form 8938 noncompliance may have a higher chance to be investigated and penalized by the IRS.

Indian Mutual Funds: Form 8621 PFIC Reporting

We now come to the most critical difference in US tax compliance between foreign mutual funds and most other foreign assets. All foreign mutual funds, including the funds incorporated in India, are classified as PFICs or Passive Foreign Investment Companies under US international tax law.

While I will not explain here the complex PFIC calculations and the various PFIC elections that may be available to a US taxpayer with foreign mutual funds, I wish to discuss four most important points concerning PFIC compliance.

First, pursuant to the worldwide income reporting requirement, all US tax residents must calculate and disclose their PFIC income on their US tax returns. This is a significant compliance burden as PFIC calculations can be very complex and expensive. The professional fees for PFIC calculations may easily outstrip all other professional fees related to other aspects of your US tax compliance.

Second, since PFIC tax and PFIC interest are calculated independent of a taxpayer’s actual tax bracket, a taxpayer with Indian mutual funds may see a significant rise in his US tax liability. It may occur even in a situation where a taxpayer may not otherwise owe any tax to the IRS. This fact may be especially significant in a voluntary disclosure context.

Third, the actual disclosure of PFIC income occurs on Form 8621 before it is entered into your personal or business tax return. This information return must be filed with your US tax return. Unfortunately, since the vast majority of tax software programs (consumer and professional) do not support Form 8621 compliance, it is very likely that you will not be able to e-file your US tax return; rather, you may have to mail it.

Finally, Form 8621 is a very obscure requirement known mostly to a handful of US tax professionals who specialize in US international tax compliance (such as Sherayzen Law Office). This means that the majority of US taxpayers are not even aware of the fact that they need to comply with their Form 8621 reporting obligations. In other words, they believe themselves to be in compliance with US tax laws even though, in reality, they are not. Thus, the obscurity and complexity of Form 8621 pushes many US taxpayers into tax noncompliance.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Professional Help With US Tax Reporting of Your Indian Mutual Funds

If you are a US taxpayer with Indian mutual funds, contact Sherayzen Law Office for professional We have helped hundreds of US taxpayers with foreign mutual funds, including Indian mutual funds, to resolve their past FBAR, FATCA and PFIC noncompliance, and we can help you!

Contact Us Today to Schedule Your Confidential Consultation!

2021 Tax Filing Season for Tax Year 2020 Starts on February 12 2021

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On January 15, 2021, the IRS announced that the 2021 tax filing season for the tax year 2020 will start on Friday, February 12, 2021. On that day, the IRS will begin accepting and processing 2020 tax year returns.

The February 12 start date for individual tax return filers allows the IRS time to do additional programming and testing of IRS systems following the December 27 tax law changes that provided a second round of Economic Impact Payments and other benefits. This programming work is critical to ensuring IRS systems run smoothly. If the 2021 tax filing season were to open without the correct programming in place, then there could be a delay in issuing refunds to taxpayers. These changes ensure that eligible people will receive any remaining stimulus money as a Recovery Rebate Credit when they file their 2020 tax return.

“Planning for the nation’s filing season process is a massive undertaking, and IRS teams have been working non-stop to prepare for this as well as delivering Economic Impact Payments in record time,” said IRS Commissioner Chuck Rettig. “Given the pandemic, this is one of the nation’s most important filing seasons ever. This start date will ensure that people get their needed tax refunds quickly while also making sure they receive any remaining stimulus payments they are eligible for as quickly as possible.”

Last year’s average tax refund was more than $2,500. More than 150 million tax returns are expected to be filed during the 2021 Tax Filing Season, with the vast majority before the Thursday, April 15, 2021, deadline.

Under the PATH Act, the IRS cannot issue a refund involving the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) or Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC) before mid-February. The law provides this additional time to help the IRS stop fraudulent refunds and claims from being issued, including to identity thieves.

The IRS anticipates a first week of March refund for many EITC and ACTC taxpayers if they file electronically with direct deposit and there are no issues with their tax returns. This would be the same experience for taxpayers if the filing season opened in late January. Taxpayers will need to check ‘Where’s My Refund’ on the IRS website IRS.gov under ‘Refunds’ for their personalized refund date. Overall, the IRS anticipates nine out of 10 taxpayers will receive their refund within 21 days of when they file electronically with direct deposit if there are no issues with their tax return.

Here are some important 2021 Tax Season deadlines:

A. Estimated Tax Deadlines: April 15, 2021; June 15, 2021; September 15, 2021; and January 15, 2022.

B. Individual Income Tax Returns: April 15, 2021 for US taxpayers who live in the United States; June 15, 2021, for US taxpayers who live outside of the United States (their tax payment deadline is still April 15); October 15, 2021, for extended tax returns; December 15, 2021, special extension for US taxpayers who reside overseas.

C. Partnership and S-Corporations: March 15, 2021; if extended, September 15, 2021.

D. C-Corporations: April 15, 2021; if extended, October 15, 2021.

E. Forms 3520-A: for calendar-year foreign trusts, March 15, 2021; extension is possible until September 15, 2021.

F. Form 3520: April 15, 2021; extension is possible until October 15, 2021.

G. FBARs: April 15, 2021; extension is possible until October 15, 2021.

H. International Information Returns filed with US tax returns (Forms 5471, 8621, 8865, 926, et cetera): same deadline as for the US income tax return with which these international information returns are filed.

January 28 2021 Inbound Transactions Seminar | US International Tax Lawyer

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On January 28, 2021, Mr. Eugene Sherayzen, an international tax attorney and founder of Sherayzen Law Office, Ltd., co-presented with a business lawyer a seminar titled “Investing in US Businesses by Foreign Persons – Common Business and Tax Considerations” (the “Inbound Transactions Seminar”). The Inbound Transactions Seminar was sponsored by the International Business Law Section of the Minnesota State Bar Association. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the seminar was conducted online.

Mr. Sherayzen began his part of the Inbound Transactions Seminar with an explanation of the term “inbound transactions” and how it differs from “outbound transactions”. He then laid out a flowchart which represented the entire analytical tax framework for inbound transactions; the tax attorney warned the audience that, due to time restraints, the breadth of the subject matter only allowed him to generally highlight the most important parts of this framework.

Then, Mr. Sherayzen proceeded with an explanation of each main issue listed on the inbound transactions tax framework flowchart. First, he discussed the explanation of the concept of a US person and how it related to the flowcharted. The international tax attorney provided definitions for all four categories of US persons: individuals, business entities (corporations and partnerships), trusts and estates.

Then, Mr. Sherayzen focused on the second part of the flowchart – US income sourcing rules. After the general explanation of the significance of the income sourcing rules, the international tax attorney discussed in general terms the application of these rules to specific types of income: interest, dividends, rents, royalties, sales of personal property, sales of inventory, sales of real estate and income from services. Despite the time limitations, he was even able to provide a few examples of some of the most paradoxical outcomes of some of the US source-of-income rules.

The third part of the Inbound Transactions Seminar was devoted to the definition of “US trade or business activities”, an important tax term. Mr. Sherayzen provided a general definition and gave some specific examples, warning the audience that this is a highly fact-dependent issue.

In the next two parts of the seminar, the international tax attorney explained one of the most important terms in US taxation – ECI or Effectively Connected Income. Mr. Sherayzen not only went over all three ECI income categories but he also explained how ECI should be taxed. He also mentioned the affect of specific tax regimes (such as BEAT and branch taxes) on the taxation of ECI.

After finishing the left side of the flowchart (the part that was devoted to the analysis of the ECI of US trade and business activities), Mr. Sherayzen switched to the explanation of inbound transactions that do not involve US trade or business activities. In this last part of his presentation, the international tax attorney discussed the definition of FDAP income and the potential Internal Revenue Code and treaty exemptions from US taxation.

While the ongoing pandemic currently limits the number of options for conducting seminars, Mr. Sherayzen already plans future talks in 2021 on the subjects of US international tax compliance and US international tax planning.

Inbound Transactions: Non-US Person Definition | International Tax Attorney

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In a previous article, I described the analytical framework for conducting tax analysis of inbound transactions. In this article, I will focus on the first issue of this framework – the Non-US Person definition.

Non-US Person Definition: Importance in the Context of Inbound Transactions

Before we delve into the issue of Non-US Person definition, we need to understand why this definition is so important in the context of inbound transactions.

The significance of this definition comes from the fact that the extent of exposure to US taxation depends on whether a person is classified as a US-Person or a Non-US Person. A US person is taxed on his worldwide income and may be subject to a huge array of US reporting requirements. A Non-US Person, however, may only be taxed by the IRS with respect to income earned from US investments or US businesses (even then, there are a number of exceptions). Hence, the classification of US Person versus Non-US Person may have a huge practical impact on a person’s US tax exposure.

Non-US Person Definition: Everyone Who Is Not a US-Person

There is no definition of “Non-US Person” in the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”); there is not even a definition of a “foreign person”.

Rather, one needs to look at the IRC §7701(a) to look for identification of categories of persons who are considered “domestic”. Anyone who is not a “domestic person” is a foreign person or, for our purposes, a Non-US Person.

Non-US Person Definition: What Does “Person” Mean

Before we analyze who is considered to be a “US Person”, we should first clarify who a “person” is. Under §7701(a)(1), a person “shall be construed to mean and include an individual, a trust, estate, partnership, association, company or corporation”. In other words, a “person” may mean not only an individual, but also a business entity, trust or estate.

Non-US Person Definition: General Definition of US Person

Under §7701(a)(30), a “US Person” means a US citizen, US resident alien, domestic partnership, domestic corporation, any estate that is not a foreign estate and a trust that satisfies both condition of §7701(a)(30)(E). Almost each of these categories is highly complex and needs a special definition. I will not cover here every detail, but I will provide certain general definitions with respect to each category.

Non-US Person Definition: Individuals Who Are US Persons

As I stated above, all US citizens and US resident aliens are considered US Persons. In the vast majority of cases, it is fairly easy to determine who is a US citizen; most complications occur with “accidental Americans” and Americans with only one parent who is a US citizen.

A US resident alien is a more complex term. It includes not only US Permanent Residents (i.e. “green card” holders), but also all persons who satisfied the Substantial Presence Test and all persons who declared themselves as US tax residents. This means that a person may be a US resident for tax purposes, but not for immigration purposes. This situation creates a lot of confusion among people who marry US persons or who come to the United States to work; many of them believe themselves to be Non-US Persons, but in reality they are US tax residents.

Non-US Person Definition: Domestic Corporations & Partnerships

Under §7701(a)(4), corporations and partnerships are considered US Persons if they are created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States or any of its states. In the case of partnerships, the IRS may issue regulations that provide otherwise, but the IRS has not done so yet. Conversely, a corporation or a partnership is a Non-US Person if it is not organized in the United States.

Pursuant to §7701(a)(9), the definition of the United States for the purposes of §7701(a)(4) includes only the 50 States and the District of Columbia. In other words, §7701(a)(9) excludes all US territories and possessions from the definition of the United States. For example, a corporation formed in Guam is a Non-US Person!

Non-US Person Definition: Domestic Trust

A trust is a US Person if it satisfies both tests contained in §7701(a)(30)(E). The first test is a “court test”: a court within the United States must be able to exercise primary supervisorial administration. The second test is a “control test”: one or more US persons must have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust. Failure to meet either test will result in the trust being a Non-US Person with huge implications for US tax purposes.

Non-US Person Definition: Domestic Estate

While all other definitions described above define a domestic entity and state that a foreign entity is not a domestic one, it is exactly the opposite with estates. Under §7701(a)(30)(D), an estate is a US Person if it is not a foreign estate described in §7701(a)(31). §7701(a)(31)(A) defines a foreign estate as: “the income of which, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includible in gross income under subtitle A”.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Professional Help With Your US International Tax Compliance

Sherayzen Law Office is a leader in US international tax compliance. We have advised hundreds of clients around the globe with respect to their US international tax compliance, international tax planning (including investment into US companies) and offshore voluntary disclosures. We can help you!

Contact Us Today to Schedule Your Confidential Consultation!