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Singapore Solution Fraud Scheme Co-Creator Pleads Guilty |  SDOP lawyer Minneapolis

On December 21, 2023, the IRS and the US Department of Justice announced that Mr. Rolf Schnellmann, a Swiss national, pleaded guilty to conspiring to defraud the United States for his role in the creation and implementation of a fraud scheme related to foreign accounts and foreign income called “Singapore Solution”.  In this small essay, I will discuss the Singapore Solution, the facts of the Schnellmann case and the lessons one can draw from this case.

Singapore Solution: Basic Description of the Tax Evasion Scheme

The idea behind the Singapore Solution is fairly simple. Funds owned secretly (i.e. without a proper disclosure to the IRS on FBAR, Form 8938, et cetera) by US persons in a Swiss bank are first transferred to a series of nominee accounts in other jurisdictions (for example, Hong Kong). In the meantime, the Swiss bankers established (usually indirectly through a law firm) a Singapore-based asset management firm which opens new bank accounts in its name in the Swiss bank. After passing through nominee accounts, the US-owned funds are returned to the Swiss bank and placed in the new bank accounts opened by the asset management firm.

In other words, the Singapore Solution basically represents a circular scheme where the ownership of funds is artificially obscured by involvement of third parties. Obviously, the US owners of the undisclosed funds handsomely compensated the Swiss bankers, the managers of the asset management firm and the nominees for their work. Also obviously, this scheme crosses the line between asset/tax planning and criminal tax evasion.

Singapore Solution: Basic Facts of Schnellmann Case

According to court documents and statements made in court, Rolf Schnellmann was the head of Allied Finance Trust AG, a Zurich-based financial services company and a subsidiary of the Allied Finance Group in Liechtenstein.  Between 2008 to 2014, Schnellmann and his co-conspirators helped high-net-worth US taxpayers set-up and implement the Singapore Solution concerning their undeclared bank accounts at Privatbank IHAG Zurich AG (IHAG), a Swiss private bank. 

According to the Department of Justice, Schnellmann and his colleagues transferred more than $60 million from the US-owned undeclared IHAG bank accounts through a series of nominee accounts in Hong Kong and other locations before returning the funds to newly opened accounts at IHAG in the name of a Singapore-based asset-management firm that Schnellmann helped establish.

IHAG participated in the 2013 IRS Voluntary Disclosure Program for Swiss Banks.  Surely, as a result of this process, IHAG disclosed a lot of information concerning the Singapore Solution.  This allowed the IRS to track down not only the noncompliant US clients of that bank, but also the Singapore Solution creators and facilitators, like Mr. Schnellamann.  He was arrested in August of 2023 in Italy and extradited to the United States.

The IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) conducted the investigation with the help of the US Justice Department’s Office of International Affairs, Interpol, Italian law enforcement authorities, the Prosecutor General’s Office of Trieste and the Italian Ministry of Justice.

Singapore Solution: Consequences of the Guilty Plea for Schnellmann

As a result of the guilty plea, Mr. Schnellmann is scheduled to be sentenced on July 19, 2024. He now faces a maximum penalty of five years in prison, a period of supervised release, restitution and monetary penalties.

Singapore Solution: Lessons

The Schnellmann case and the Singapore Solution that he co-authored allow us to deduce certain lessons.  First and most obvious, one must respect the difference between legitimate even if aggressive tax planning and criminal tax evasion.  Mr. Schnellmann crossed that line and will pay a high price for it.

Second, US taxpayers must declare their foreign accounts to the IRS on FBAR, Form 8938 and Schedule B of Form 1040.  Failure to do so may bring very painful consequences in the form of high IRS civil and even criminal penalties.

Finally, there is really no safe place for noncompliant taxpayers to hide. Even if they have been lucky to avoid IRS detection of their noncompliance so far, a disclosure from third parties may lead to an IRS investigation that may ultimately result in the discovery of the noncompliance.  In this case, the IRS will most likely impose very heavy penalties for noncompliance (made even heavier by the fact that the IRS had to invest a lot of resources and man-hours into the case).

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Professional Help With the Voluntary Disclosure of Your Undisclosed Foreign Assets and Foreign Income

For all of these reasons, noncompliant taxpayers should explore their offshore voluntary disclosure options before the IRS finds out about their noncompliance. Otherwise, an IRS audit will make it impossible for them to lower their IRS noncompliance penalties through a voluntary disclosure.

Sherayzen Law Office is a leader in the IRS offshore voluntary disclosures, including disclosures that involve foreign income noncompliance and foreign asset reporting noncompliance (on FBAR, Form 8938, 3520, 3520-A, 5471, 8865, 8858, et cetera).  Led by Mr. Eugene Sherayzen, a highly-experienced international tax attorney, our international tax team has helped hundreds of US taxpayers around the globe to bring their tax affairs into full compliance with the IRS while lowering and sometimes even eliminating IRS penalties.

Contact Us Today to Schedule Your Confidential Consultation!

2023 FBAR Conversion Rates | FBAR International Tax Lawyer

The 2023 FBAR conversion rates are very important for your US international tax compliance. The reason for their importance is their relation to FBAR (FinCEN Form 114) and the IRS Form 8938. The 2023 FBAR and 2023 Form 8938 instructions both require that 2023 FBAR conversion rates be used to report the required highest balances of foreign financial assets on these forms (in the case of Form 8938, the 2023 FBAR conversion rates is the default choice, not an exclusive one). In other words, the 2023 FBAR conversion rates are used to translate foreign-currency highest balances into US dollars for the purposes of FBAR and Form 8938 compliance.

The U.S. Department of Treasury  already published the 2023 FBAR conversion rates online (they are called “Treasury’s Financial Management Service rates” or the “FMS rates”).

Since the 2023 FBAR conversion rates are highly important to US taxpayers, international tax lawyers and international tax accountants, Sherayzen Law Office provides the table below listing the official 2023 FBAR conversion rates (note that the readers still need to refer to the official website for any updates).

Country – Currency Foreign Currency to $1.00
AFGHANISTAN – AFGHANI70.54
ALBANIA – LEK93.23
ALGERIA – DINAR134.051
ANGOLA – KWANZA842.5
ANTIGUA – BARBUDA – E. CARIBBEAN DOLLAR2.7000
ARGENTINA – PESO827.75
ARMENIA – DRAM400
AUSTRALIA – DOLLAR1.472
AUSTRIA – EURO0.905
AZERBAIJAN – NEW MANAT1.7
BAHAMAS – DOLLAR1.0000
BAHRAIN – DINAR0.3770
BANGLADESH – TAKA113
BARBADOS – DOLLAR2.02
BELARUS – NEW RUBLEUNAVAILABLE*
BELGIUM – EURO0.905
BELIZE – DOLLAR2
BENIN – CFA FRANC 589
BERMUDA – DOLLAR1
BOLIVIA – BOLIVIANO6.86
BOSNIA – MARKA1.769
BOTSWANA – PULA13.387
BRAZIL – REAL4.852
BRUNEI – DOLLAR1.32
BULGARIA – LEV New1.769
BURKINA FASO – CFA FRANC589
BURUNDI – FRANC2850
CAMBODIA – RIEL4051
CAMEROON – CFA FRANC593.41
CANADA – DOLLAR1.326
CAPE VERDE – ESCUDO99.75
CAYMAN ISLANDS – DOLLAR0.82
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC – CFA FRANC593.41
CHAD – CFA FRANC593.41
CHILE – PESO880
CHINA – RENMINBI7.104
COLOMBIA – PESO3873
COMOROS – FRANC443.49
CONGO – CFA FRANC593.41
COSTA RICA – COLON519.22
COTE D’IVOIRE – CFA FRANC589
CROATIA – EURO0.905
CUBA – Chavito1
CUBA – PESO24
CYPRUS – EURO0.905
CZECH REPUBLIC – KORUNA21.731
DEM. REP. OF CONGO – FRANC2660
DENMARK – KRONE6.744
DJIBOUTI – FRANC177
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC – PESO57.9
ECUADOR – DOLARES1.0000
EGYPT – POUND30.9
EL SALVADOR – DOLARES1.0000
EQUATORIAL GUINEA – CFA FRANC593.41
ERITREA – NAKFA15
ESTONIA – EURO0.905
ESWATINI – LILANGENI18.427
ETHIOPIA – BIRR55.997
EURO ZONE – EURO0.905
FIJI – DOLLAR2.165
FINLAND – EURO0.905
FRANCE – EURO0.905
GABON – CFA FRANC593.41
GAMBIA – DALASI64
GEORGIA – LARI2.665
GERMANY – EURO0.905
GHANA – CEDI11.9
GREECE – EURO0.936
GRENADA – EAST CARIBBEAN DOLLAR2.7
GUATEMALA – QUETZAL7.815
GUINEA BISSAU – CFA FRANC589
GUINEA – FRANC8511
GUYANA – DOLLAR215
HAITI – GOURDE131.23
HONDURAS – LEMPIRA24.624
HONG KONG – DOLLAR7.811
HUNGARY – FORINT345.78
ICELAND – KRONA136.04
INDIA – RUPEE83.162
INDONESIA – RUPIAH15372.69
IRAN – RIAL42000
IRAQ – DINAR1308
IRELAND – EURO0.905
ISRAEL – SHEKEL3.619
ITALY – EURO0.905
JAMAICA – DOLLAR154
JAPAN – YEN141.47
JORDAN – DINAR0.708
KAZAKHSTAN – TENGE456.29
KENYA – SHILLING156.5
KOREA – WON1299.22
KOSOVO – EURO0.905
KUWAIT – DINAR0.307
KYRGYZSTAN – SOM89.062
LAOS – KIP20476
LATVIA – EURO0.905
LEBANON – POUND15000
LESOTHO – MALOTI18.427
LIBERIA – DOLLAR189
LIBYA – DINAR4.754
LITHUANIA – EURO0.905
LUXEMBOURG – EURO0.905
MADAGASCAR – ARIARY4564
MALAWI – KWACHA1700
MALAYSIA – RINGGIT4.59
MALDIVES – RUFIYAA15.42
MALI – CFA FRANC589
MALTA – EURO0.905
MARSHALL ISLANDS – DOLLAR1
MAURITANIA – OUGUIYA39.16
MAURITIUS – RUPEE43.87
MEXICO – PESO16.949
MICRONESIA – DOLLAR1
MOLDOVA – LEU17.25
MONGOLIA – TUGRIK3410.69
MONTENEGRO – EURO0.905
MOROCCO – DIRHAM9.855
MOZAMBIQUE – METICAL 63.25
MYANMAR – KYAT3380
NAMIBIA – DOLLAR18.427
NEPAL – RUPEE133.05
NETHERLANDS – EURO0.905
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES – GUILDER1.78
NEW ZEALAND – DOLLAR1.585
NICARAGUA – CORDOBA36.6
NIGER – CFA FRANC589
NIGERIA – NAIRA910
NORWAY – KRONE10.166
OMAN – RIAL0.385
PAKISTAN – RUPEE276.2
PALAU – DOLLAR1
PANAMA – DOLARES1
PAPUA NEW GUINEA – KINA3.727
PARAGUAY – GUARANI7249.99
PERU – SOL3.675
PHILIPPINES – PESO55.451
POLAND – ZLOTY3.924
PORTUGAL – EURO0.905
QATAR – RIYAL3.645
REP. OF N MACEDONIA – DINAR55.45
ROMANIA – NEW LEU 4.499
RUSSIA – RUBLE89.067
RWANDA – FRANC1250
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE – NEW DOBRAS22.142
SAUDI ARABIA – RIYAL3.75
SENEGAL – CFA FRANC589
SERBIA – DINAR105.92
SEYCHELLES – RUPEE13.473
SIERRA LEONE – LEONE22.7
SIERRA LEONE – OLD LEONE21.4
SINGAPORE – DOLLAR1.32
SLOVAK REPUBLIC – EURO0.905
SLOVENIA – EURO0.905
SOLOMON ISLANDS – DOLLAR8.065
SOMALI – SHILLING568
SOUTH AFRICA – RAND18.427
SOUTH SUDANESE – POUND1070
SPAIN – EURO0.905
SRI LANKA – RUPEE323.8
ST LUCIA – E CARIBBEAN DOLLAR2.7
SUDAN – SUDANESE POUND830
SURINAME – GUILDER36.723
SWEDEN – KRONA10.031
SWITZERLAND – FRANC0.838
SYRIA – POUND8585
TAIWAN – DOLLAR30.641
TAJIKISTAN – SOMONI10.93
TANZANIA – SHILLING2505
THAILAND – BAHT34.33
TIMOR – LESTE DILI1
TOGO – CFA FRANC589
TONGA – PA’ANGA2.26
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO – DOLLAR6.749
TUNISIA – DINAR3.064
TURKEY – NEW LIRA29.547
TURKMENISTAN – NEW MANAT3.491
UGANDA – SHILLING3775
UKRAINE – HRYVNIA38.089
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES – DIRHAM3.673
UNITED KINGDOM – POUND STERLING0.786
URUGUAY – PESO39.02
UZBEKISTAN – SOM12333.77
VANUATU – VATU116
VENEZUELA – BOLIVAR SOBERANO35.841
VENEZUELA – FUERTE (OLD)248832
VIETNAM – DONG24260
WESTERN SAMOA – TALA2.653
YEMEN – RIAL528
ZAMBIA – NEW KWACHA 25.71
ZIMBABWE – RTGS5801.47

*Note #1: As of the time of this article, the Department of Treasury still has not published the FBAR rate for Belarus. Please, consult the Department of the Treasury for clarification.

Happy New Year 2024 From International Tax Law Firm Sherayzen Law Office!!!

Dear clients, followers, readers and colleagues:

Mr. Eugene Sherayzen, an international tax attorney, and the entire international tax team of Sherayzen Law Office, Ltd. wishes you a very Happy New Year 2024!!!

Dear clients and prospective clients, in the New Year 2024, you can continue to rely on Sherayzen Law Office for:

  1. Resolution of your prior FBAR, FATCA and other US international tax noncompliance through offshore voluntary disclosure, including Streamlined Domestic Offshore Procedures (SDOP)Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures (SFOP)Delinquent FBAR Submission Procedures, Delinquent International Information Return Submission ProceduresIRS Voluntary Disclosure Practice and Reasonable Cause Disclosures;
  2. Help with your IRS audits and examination, including audits of: your prior SDOP and SFOP submissions (as well as other voluntary disclosure options) and your annual international tax compliance. We can also help you fight the imposition of IRS penalties for prior international tax noncompliance, including FBAR penalties, Form 8938 penaltiesForm 3520 and 3520-A penalties, Form 5471 penaltiesForm 5472 penaltiesForm 8865 penaltiesForm 926 penalties, et cetera;
  3. Preparation of your annual US international tax compliance, including the reporting of foreign income and preparation of FBAR, FATCA Form 8938 and other US international tax compliance forms such as: Forms 3520, 3520-A, 5471862188658938 and 926 and
  4. Your international tax planning (inbound and outbound), including individual and business tax planning, We intend to continue to help US firms with conducting business overseas, US owners of foreign businesses and foreign businesses who wish to expand their presence to the United States (including real estate investors).

In resolving all of your current US international tax issues, we will continue to employ ethical creativity, diligence, professionalism and many years of experience with helping other clients. We will also continue to utilize an individual, customized approach, understanding each client’s particular situation.

In 2024, the US international tax compliance requirements will likely grow even more complex, detailed and extensive. The IRS will continue to demand more and more information from US taxpayers, employing its expanding number of revenue agents to enforce US tax laws across the globe and especially in the United States.

In order to deal with this ever-increasing US tax compliance burden, you will need the professional help of Sherayzen Law Office. In this New Year 2024, we can help you!

Your professional US international tax help is but a phone call away from you! Contact us today to schedule a confidential consultation in this New Year 2024!

HAPPY NEW YEAR 2024 EVERYONE!!!

2023 FBAR Deadline in 2024 | FinCEN Form 114 International Tax Lawyer & Attorney

The 2023 FBAR deadline is a critical deadline for US taxpayers this calendar year 2024. What makes FBAR so important are the draconian FBAR penalties which may be imposed on noncompliant taxpayers. Let’s discuss the 2023 FBAR deadline in more detail.

2023 FBAR Deadline: Background Information

The official name of FBAR is FinCEN Form 114, the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial AccountsUS Persons must file FBAR if they have a financial interest in or signatory or any other authority over foreign financial accounts if the highest aggregate value of these accounts is in excess of $10,000. FBARs must be timely e-filed separately from federal tax returns.

Failure to file an FBAR may result in the imposition of heavy FBAR penalties. The FBAR penalties vary from criminal penalties and willful penalties to non-willful penalties. You can find more details about FBAR penalties in this article.

2023 FBAR Deadline: Pre-2016 FBAR Deadline

For the years preceding 2016, US persons needed to file FBARs by June 30 of each year. For example, the 2013 FBAR was due on June 30, 2014. No filing extensions were allowed. The last FBAR that followed the June 30 deadline was the 2015 FBAR; its due date was June 30, 2016. .

2023 FBAR Deadline: Changes to FBAR Deadline Starting with the 2016 FBAR

For many years, the strange FBAR filing rules greatly confused US taxpayers. First of all, it was difficult to learn about the existence of the form. Second, many taxpayers simply missed the unusual FBAR filing deadline.

The US Congress took action in 2015 to alleviate this problem. As it usually happens, it did so when it passed a law that, on its surface, had nothing to do with FBARs. The Surface Transportation and Veterans Health Care Choice Improvement Act of 2015 (the “Act”) changed the FBAR deadline starting with the 2016 FBAR. Section 2006(b)(11) of the Act requires the FBARs to be filed by the due date of that year’s tax return (i.e. usually April 15), not June 30.

Furthermore, the IRS granted to US taxpayers an automatic extension of the FBAR filing deadline to October 15. For now, taxpayers do not need to make any specific requests in order for an extension to be granted.

Thus, starting with the 2016 FBAR, the Act adjusted the FBAR due date to coincide with the federal income tax filing deadlines. This is the case even if federal law requires a different filing date. For example, in situations where the tax return due date falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the IRS must delay the due date until the next business day; the FBAR deadline will follow suit and also shift to the next business day.

2023 FBAR Deadline

Based on the current law, for the vast majority of filers, the 2023 FBAR deadline will be April 15, 2024. However, the deadline is automatically extended to October 15, 2024.

The 2023 FBAR must be e-filed through the US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network’s (FinCEN) BSA E-filing system.

Contact Sherayzen Law Office for Professional Help With Your FBAR Compliance

If you have unreported foreign accounts, contact Sherayzen Law Office as soon as possible. Sherayzen Law Office is a leader in US international tax compliance and offshore voluntary disclosures. We have successfully helped hundreds of US taxpayers around the globe with their FBAR compliance and FBAR voluntary disclosures; and we can help you!

Contact Us Today to Schedule Your Confidential Consultation!

2022 FBAR Conversion Rates | FBAR Tax Lawyer & Attorney

The 2022 FBAR conversion rates are very important for your US international tax compliance. The reason for their importance is their relation to FBAR (FinCEN Form 114) and the IRS Form 8938. The 2022 FBAR and 2022 Form 8938 instructions both require that 2022 FBAR conversion rates be used to report the required highest balances of foreign financial assets on these forms (in the case of Form 8938, the 2022 FBAR conversion rates is the default choice, not an exclusive one). In other words, the 2022 FBAR conversion rates are used to translate foreign-currency highest balances into US dollars for the purposes of FBAR and Form 8938 compliance.

The U.S. Department of Treasury  already published the 2022 FBAR conversion rates online (they are called “Treasury’s Financial Management Service rates” or the “FMS rates”).

Since the 2022 FBAR conversion rates are highly important to US taxpayers, international tax lawyers and international tax accountants, Sherayzen Law Office provides the table below listing the official 2022 FBAR conversion rates (note that the readers still need to refer to the official website for any updates).

Country – Currency Foreign Currency to $1.00
AFGHANISTAN – AFGHANI89.11
ALBANIA – LEK106.5
ALGERIA – DINAR136.467
ANGOLA – KWANZA503.65
ANTIGUA – BARBUDA – E. CARIBBEAN DOLLAR2.7000
ARGENTINA – PESO183
ARMENIA – DRAM400
AUSTRALIA – DOLLAR1.471
AUSTRIA – EURO0.936
AZERBAIJAN – NEW MANAT1.7
BAHAMAS – DOLLAR1.0000
BAHRAIN – DINAR0.3770
BANGLADESH – TAKA105
BARBADOS – DOLLAR2.02
BELARUS – NEW RUBLE2.518
BELGIUM – EURO0.936
BELIZE – DOLLAR2
BENIN – CFA FRANC 614.84
BERMUDA – DOLLAR1
BOLIVIA – BOLIVIANO6.86
BOSNIA – MARKA1.83
BOTSWANA – PULA12.739
BRAZIL – REAL5.286
BRUNEI – DOLLAR1.34
BULGARIA – LEV New1.83
BURKINA FASO – CFA FRANC614.84
BURMA – KYAT2100
BURUNDI – FRANC2045.3
CAMBODIA – RIEL4051
CAMEROON – CFA FRANC613.79
CANADA – DOLLAR1.354
CAPE VERDE – ESCUDO103.16
CAYMAN ISLANDS – DOLLAR0.82
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC – CFA FRANC613.79
CHAD – CFA FRANC613.79
CHILE – PESO851.5
CHINA – RENMINBI6.897
COLOMBIA – PESO4845.83
COMOROS – FRANC461.6
CONGO – CFA FRANC613.79
COSTA RICA – COLON591.36
COTE D’IVOIRE – CFA FRANC614.84
CROATIA – KUNA6.87
CROATIA – EURO0.936*
CUBA – Chavito1
CYPRUS – EURO0.936
CZECH REPUBLIC – KORUNA22.102
DEM. REP. OF CONGO – FRANC2012
DENMARK – KRONE6.959
DJIBOUTI – FRANC177
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC – PESO55.72
ECUADOR – DOLARES1.0000
EGYPT – POUND24.74**
EGYPT – POUND29.5**
EL SALVADOR – DOLARES1.0000
EQUATORIAL GUINEA – CFA FRANC613.79
ERITREA – NAKFA15
ESTONIA – EURO0.936
ETHIOPIA – BIRR53.339
EURO ZONE – EURO0.936
FIJI – DOLLAR2.176
FINLAND – EURO0.936
FRANCE – EURO0.936
GABON – CFA FRANC613.79
GAMBIA – DALASI61
GEORGIA – LARI2.665
GERMANY – EURO0.936
GHANA – CEDI9.8***
GHANA – CEDI11.5***
GREECE – EURO0.936
GRENADA – EAST CARIBBEAN DOLLAR2.7
GUATEMALA – QUETZAL7.84
GUINEA – FRANC8554
GUINEA BISSAU – CFA FRANC614.84
GUYANA – DOLLAR215
HAITI – GOURDE145
HONDURAS – LEMPIRA24.552
HONG KONG – DOLLAR7.797
HUNGARY – FORINT374.63
ICELAND – KRONA141.61
INDIA – RUPEE82.599
INDONESIA – RUPIAH15528.42
IRAN – RIAL42000
IRAQ – DINAR1458.53
IRELAND – EURO0.936
ISRAEL – SHEKEL3.518
ITALY – EURO0.936
JAMAICA – DOLLAR150
JAPAN – YEN131.83
JORDAN – DINAR0.708
KAZAKHSTAN – TENGE462.54
KENYA – SHILLING123.25
KOREA – WON1252.61
KOSOVO – EURO0.936
KUWAIT – DINAR0.306
KYRGYZSTAN – SOM85.68
LAOS – KIP17217
LATVIA – EURO0.936
LEBANON – POUND1500
LESOTHO – MALOTI16.948
LIBERIA – DOLLAR153.5
LIBYA – DINAR4.817
LITHUANIA – EURO0.936
LUXEMBOURG – EURO0.936
MADAGASCAR – ARIARY4360
MALAWI – KWACHA1035.49
MALAYSIA – RINGGIT4.4
MALDIVES – RUFIYAA15.42
MALI – CFA FRANC614.84
MALTA – EURO0.936
MARSHALL ISLANDS – DOLLAR1
MAURITANIA – OUGUIYA37
MAURITIUS – RUPEE43.85
MEXICO – PESO19.546
MICRONESIA – DOLLAR1
MOLDOVA – LEU19.08
MONGOLIA – TUGRIK3443.37
MONTENEGRO – EURO0.936
MOROCCO – DIRHAM10.48
MOZAMBIQUE – METICAL 63.24
NAMIBIA – DOLLAR16.948
NEPAL – RUPEE132.25
NETHERLANDS – EURO0.936
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES – GUILDER1.78
NEW ZEALAND – DOLLAR1.575
NICARAGUA – CORDOBA36.15
NIGER – CFA FRANC614.84
NIGERIA – NAIRA440
NORWAY – KRONE9.831
OMAN – RIAL0.385
PAKISTAN – RUPEE226.4
PANAMA – BALBOANot Listed
PANAMA – DOLARES1
PAPUA NEW GUINEA – KINA3.431
PARAGUAY – GUARANI7309.61
PERU – SOL3.786
PHILIPPINES – PESO55.606
POLAND – ZLOTY4.38
PORTUGAL – EURO0.936
QATAR – RIYAL3.64
REP. OF N MACEDONIA – DINAR57.56
REPUBLIC OF PALAU – DOLLAR1
ROMANIA – NEW LEU 4.627
RUSSIA – RUBLE71.481
RWANDA – FRANC1060
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE – NEW DOBRAS23.062
SAUDI ARABIA – RIYAL3.75
SENEGAL – CFA FRANC614.84
SERBIA – DINAR109.69
SEYCHELLES – RUPEE12.87
SIERRA LEONE – LEONE18.8
SINGAPORE – DOLLAR1.34
SLOVAK REPUBLIC – EURO0.936
SLOVENIA – EURO0.936
SOLOMON ISLANDS – DOLLAR7.949
SOMALI – SHILLING565
SOUTH AFRICA – RAND16.948
SOUTH SUDANESE – POUND669
SPAIN – EURO0.936
SRI LANKA – RUPEE363
ST LUCIA – E CARIBBEAN DOLLAR2.7
SUDAN – SUDANESE POUND576
SURINAME – GUILDER31.714
SWAZILAND – LANGENI16.948
SWEDEN – KRONA10.386
SWITZERLAND – FRANC0.923
SYRIA – POUND2510
TAIWAN – DOLLAR30.648
TAJIKISTAN – SOMONI10.16
TANZANIA – SHILLING2329
THAILAND – BAHT34.52
TIMOR – LESTE DILI1
TOGO – CFA FRANC614.84
TONGA – PA’ANGA2.261
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO – DOLLAR6.765
TUNISIA – DINAR3.094
TURKEY – NEW LIRA18.711
TURKMENISTAN – NEW MANAT3.491
UGANDA – SHILLING3715
UKRAINE – HRYVNIA36.569
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES – DIRHAM3.673
UNITED KINGDOM – POUND STERLING0.83
URUGUAY – PESO39.95
UZBEKISTAN – SOM11224.32
VANUATU – VATU119.9
VENEZUELA – BOLIVAR SOBERANO17.236****
VENEZUELA – BOLIVAR SOBERANO19.23****
VENEZUELA – FUERTE (OLD)248832
VIETNAM – DONG23610
WESTERN SAMOA – TALA2.607
YEMEN – RIAL580
ZAMBIA – NEW KWACHA 18.1
ZIMBABWE – RTGS654.66

*Note #1: the official exchange rate for Euro on December 31, 2022 was 0.936; however, with respect to Croatia the Department of the Treasury lists 0.925. We believe that this is a mistake. Please, consult the Department of the Treasury for clarification.

**Note #2: the Treasury Department lists two alternative rates for the Egyptian Pound without clarification which rate should be used for FBAR and Form 8938. We believe that the second rate is correct as it more properly reflects the conversion rate at that time. However, if you wish to follow the safest route, you can use 24.74 conversion rate. Please, consult the Department of the Treasury for clarification.

***Note #3: the Treasury Department lists two alternative rates for the Ghanan Cedi without clarification which rate should be used for FBAR and Form 8938. We believe that the second rate is correct as it more properly reflects the conversion rate at that time. However, if you wish to follow the safest route, you can use 9.8 conversion rate. Please, consult the Department of the Treasury for clarification.

****Note #4: the Treasury Department lists two alternative rates for the Venezuelan Bolivar Soberano without clarification which rate should be used for FBAR and Form 8938. We believe that the second rate is correct as it more properly reflects the conversion rate at that time. However, if you wish to follow the safest route, you can use 17.236 conversion rate. Please, consult the Department of the Treasury for clarification.