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Fourth Quarter 2025 IRS Interest Rates on Overpayment & Underpayment of Tax

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On August 25, 2025, the IRS announced that the Fourth Quarter 2025 IRS interest rates on overpayment and underpayment of tax will remain the same as in the Fourth Quarter of 2025.

This means that, the Fourth Quarter 2025 IRS interest rates will be as follows:

seven (7) percent for overpayments (seven (7) percent in the case of a corporation);

seven (7) percent for underpayments;

nine (9) percent for large corporate underpayments; and

five (5) percent for the portion of corporate overpayment exceeding $10,000.

How the IRS Calculated Fourth Quarter 2025 IRS Interest Rates

The IRS calculates the IRS interest rates based on specific tax provisions. We begin with the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) §6621, which establishes the IRS interest rates on overpayments and underpayments of tax. Under §6621(a)(1), the overpayment rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points for individuals and 2 percentage points in cases of a corporation. There is an exception to this rule: with respect to a corporate overpayment of tax exceeding $10,000 for a taxable period of time, the rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus one-half of a percentage point.

Additionally, under §6621(a)(2), the underpayment rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points. Similarly to overpayments, there is an exception for a large corporate underpayment: in such cases, §6621(c) requires the underpayment rate to be the sum of the relevant federal short-term rate plus 5 percentage points. Also, the readers should see §6621(c) and §301.6621-3 of the Regulations on Procedure and Administration for the definition of a large corporate underpayment and for the rules for determining the applicable date.

Finally, pursuant to the IRC §6621(b)(1), the IRS computed the Fourth Quarter 2025 IRS interest rates based on federal short-term rates in July of 2025.

Importance of the Fourth Quarter 2025 IRS Interest Rates

The IRS interest rates are relevant for a great variety of purposes. Let’s highlight three of its most important uses. Firstly, these rates will determine the interest a taxpayer will get on any IRS refunds.

Second, the IRS and the taxpayers use these rates to calculate the interest on any additional US tax liability on amended or audited tax returns. This also applies to the amended (and, in case of SFOP, original) tax returns that the taxpayers submit pursuant to Streamlined Domestic Offshore Procedures and Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures.

Finally, the Fourth Quarter 2025 IRS interest rates will be used to calculate PFIC interest on any relevant §1291 PFIC tax. This PFIC interest will be reported on the relevant Form 8621 and ultimately Form 1040.

We at Sherayzen Law Office constantly deal with the IRS interest rates on overpayments and underpayments of tax. This is why we closely follow any changes in these IRS interest rates, including the Fourth Quarter 2025 IRS interest rates.

Third Quarter 2024 IRS Interest Rates on Overpayment & Underpayment of Tax

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On May 9, 2024, the IRS announced that the Third Quarter 2024 IRS interest rates on overpayment and underpayment of tax will remain the same as in the Second Quarter of 2024.

This means that, the Third Quarter 2024 IRS interest rates will be as follows:

  • eight (8) percent for overpayments (seven (7) percent in the case of a corporation);
  • eight (8) percent for underpayments;
  • ten (10) percent for large corporate underpayments; and
  • five and a half (5.5) of a percent for the portion of a corporate overpayment exceeding $10,000.

Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) §6621 establishes the IRS interest rates on overpayments and underpayments of tax. Under §6621(a)(1), the overpayment rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points for individuals and 2 percentage points in cases of a corporation. There is an exception to this rule: with respect to a corporate overpayment of tax exceeding $10,000 for a taxable period of time, the rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus one-half of a percentage point.

Under §6621(a)(2), the underpayment rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points. Again, there is an exception for a large corporate underpayment: in such cases, §6621(c) requires the underpayment rate to be the sum of the relevant federal short-term rate plus 5 percentage points. The readers should see §6621(c) and §301.6621-3 of the Regulations on Procedure and Administration for the definition of a large corporate underpayment and for the rules for determining the applicable date.

Pursuant to the IRC §6621(b)(1), the Third Quarter 2024 IRS interest rates were computed based on federal short-term rates in January of 2024. 

It is important to note that the Third Quarter 2024 IRS interest rates are relevant for a great variety of purposes. Let’s highlight three of its most important uses. Third, these rates will determine the interest a taxpayer will get on any IRS refunds.

Third ,the rates will also be used to establish the interest to be added to any additional US tax liability on amended or audited tax returns. This also applies to the tax returns that were amended pursuant to Streamlined Domestic Offshore Procedures and Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures.

Finally, the Third Quarter 2024 IRS interest rates will be used to calculate PFIC interest on any relevant §1291 PFIC tax. This PFIC interest will be reported on the relevant Form 8621 and ultimately Form 1040.

We at Sherayzen Law Office constantly deal with the IRS interest rates on overpayments and underpayments of tax. This is why we closely follow any changes in these IRS interest rates, including the Third Quarter 2024 IRS interest rates.

2024 IRS Standard Mileage Rates | IRS Tax Lawyer & Attorney

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Beginning January 1, 2024, the IRS changed the optional standard mileage for the calculation of deductible costs of operating an automobile (sedans, vans, pickups and panel trucks) for business, charitable, medical or moving purposes. Let’s discuss in more detail these new 2024 IRS Standard Mileage Rates.

2024 IRS Standard Mileage Rates for Business Usage

For the tax year 2024, the business-use cost of operating a vehicle will be 67 cents per mile. This is 1.5 cents higher than in 2023. The standard mileage rate for business use is based on an annual study of the fixed and variable costs of operating an automobile.

As in previous years, a taxpayer may not use the business standard mileage rate for a vehicle after using any depreciation method under the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) or after claiming a Section 179 deduction for that vehicle.

2024 IRS Standard Mileage Rates for Medical and Moving Purposes

For the tax year 2024, the medical and moving cost of operating a vehicle will be 21 cents per mile. This is lower by one cent from 2023. The rate for medical and moving purposes is based on the variable costs.

2024 IRS Standard Mileage Rates for Charitable Purposes

For the tax year 2024, the costs of operating a vehicle in the service of charitable organizations will be 14 cents per mile. The charitable rate is set by statute and remains unchanged.

2024 IRS Standard Mileage Rates vs. Actual Costs vs. Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions

It is important to note that under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, taxpayers can no longer claim a miscellaneous itemized deduction for unreimbursed employee travel expenses. With the exception of active duty members of Armed Forces, taxpayers also cannot claim a deduction for moving expenses. Notice-2019-02.

However, taxpayers are not forced to use the standard mileage rates; rather, this is optional. Sherayzen Law Office advises taxpayers that they have the option of calculating the actual costs of using a vehicle rather than using the standard mileage rates. If the actual-cost method is chosen, then all of the actual expenses associated with the business use of a vehicle can be used: lease payments, maintenance and repairs, tires, gasoline (including all taxes), oil, insurance, et cetera.

IRS Notice 2024-08

IRS Notice 2024-08, posted on IRS.gov, contains the standard mileage rates, the amount a taxpayer must use in calculating reductions to basis for depreciation taken under the business standard mileage rate, and the maximum standard automobile cost that a taxpayer may use in computing the allowance under a fixed and variable rate plan. In addition, for employer-provided vehicles, the Notice provides the maximum fair market value of automobiles first made available to employees for personal use in calendar year 2024 for which employers may use the fleet-average valuation rule in § 1.61-21(d)(5)(v) or the vehicle cents-per-mile valuation rule in § 1.61-21(e).

2023 IRS Quarterly Interest Rates on Overpayment/Underpayment of Tax

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The 2023 IRS quarterly interest rates IRS interest rates are relevant for a great variety of purposes. Let’s highlight three of its most important uses. First, these rates will determine the interest a taxpayer will get on any IRS refunds.

Second, the 2023 IRS quarterly interest rates will also be used to establish the interest to be added to any additional US tax liability on amended or audited tax returns. This also applies to the tax returns that were amended under the Streamlined Domestic Offshore Procedures and Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures.

Finally, the 2023 IRS quarterly interest rates will be used to calculate PFIC interest on any relevant §1291 PFIC tax. This PFIC interest will be reported on the relevant Form 8621 and ultimately Form 1040.

We at Sherayzen Law Office constantly deal with the IRS interest rates on overpayments and underpayments of tax. This is why we closely follow any changes in these IRS interest rates, including the 2023 IRS quarterly interest rates.

Below, I lay our the 2023 IRS quarterly interest rates for each quarter.

How the 2023 IRS quarterly Interest Rates Are Calculated

Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) §6621 establishes the IRS interest rates on overpayments and underpayments of tax. Under §6621(a)(1), the overpayment rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points for individuals and 2 percentage points in cases of a corporation. There is an exception to this rule: with respect to a corporate overpayment of tax exceeding $10,000 for a taxable period of time, the rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus one-half of a percentage point.

Under §6621(a)(2), the underpayment rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points. Again, there is an exception for a large corporate underpayment: in such cases, §6621(c) requires the underpayment rate to be the sum of the relevant federal short-term rate plus 5 percentage points. The readers should see §6621(c) and §301.6621-3 of the Regulations on Procedure and Administration for the definition of a large corporate underpayment and for the rules for determining the applicable date.

2023 First Quarter IRS Interest Rates

On November 29, 2022, the IRS announced another increase in the IRS interest rates on overpayment and underpayment of tax.

This means that, effective on January 1, 2023 the First Quarter 2023 IRS interest rates are as follows:

seven (7) percent for overpayments (six (6) percent in the case of a corporation);

seven (7) percent for underpayments;

nine (9) percent for large corporate underpayments; and

four and a half (4.5) of a percent for the portion of a corporate underpayment exceeding $10,000.

2023 Second Quarter IRS Interest Rates

On February 13, 2023, the Internal Revenue Service announced that interest rates would remain the same for the calendar quarter beginning April 1, 2023.  In other words, the first quarter and the second quarter IRS interest rates were exactly the same.

2023 Third Quarter IRS Interest Rates

On May 22, 2023, the Internal Revenue Service announced that interest rates would remain the same for the calendar quarter beginning July 1, 2023.  In other words, the IRS interest rates remained the same for the first three quarters of 2023.

2023 Fourth Quarter IRS Interest Rates

On August 25, 2023, the Internal Revenue Service announced that it would increase the interest rates for the calendar quarter beginning October 1, 2023.

  • This means that, the Fourth Quarter 2023 IRS interest rates are as follows:
  • eight (8) percent for overpayments (seven (7) percent in the case of a corporation);
  • eight (8) percent for underpayments;
  • ten (10) percent for large corporate underpayments; and
  • five and a half (5.5) of a percent for the portion of a corporate underpayment exceeding $10,000.

2020 2Q IRS Interest Rates | US International Tax Law Firm

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On February 28, 2020, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) announced that the 2020 Second Quarter IRS underpayment and overpayment interest rates (“2020 2Q IRS Interest Rates”) will not change from the first quarter of 2020. This means that, the 2020 2Q IRS interest rates will be as follows:

  • five (5) percent for overpayments (four (4) percent in the case of a corporation);
  • two and one-half (2.5) percent for the portion of a corporate overpayment exceeding $10,000;
  • five (5) percent for underpayments; and
  • seven (7) percent for large corporate underpayments.

Under the Internal Revenue Code, these interest rates are determined on a quarterly basis. The IRS used the federal short-term rate for February of 2020 to determine the 2020 2Q IRS interest rates. The IRS interest is compounded on a daily basis.

The 2020 2Q IRS interest rates are important to not just US domestic tax law, but also US international tax law. For example, the IRS will use these rates to determine how much interest a taxpayer needs to pay on an additional tax liability that arose as a result of an amendment of his US tax return through Streamlined Domestic Offshore Procedures and Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures. The IRS will also utilize 2020 2Q IRS interest rates with respect to the calculation of PFIC interest on Section 1291 tax.

As an international tax law firm, Sherayzen Law Office keeps track of the IRS underpayment and overpayment interest rates on a regular basis. Since our specialty is offshore voluntary disclosures, we often amend our client’s tax returns as part of an offshore voluntary disclosure process and calculate the interest owed on any additional US tax liability. We also need to take interest payments into account with respect to additional tax liability that arises out of an IRS audit.

Moreover, we very often have to do PFIC calculations for our clients under the default IRC Section 1291 methodology. This calculation requires the usage of the IRS underpayment interest rates in order to determine the amount of PFIC interest on the IRC Section 1291 tax.

Finally, it is important to point out that the IRS will use the 2020 2Q IRS interest rates to determine the amount of interest that needs to be paid to a taxpayer who is due a tax refund as a result of an IRS audit or amendment of the taxpayer’s US tax return. This situation may also often arise in the context of offshore voluntary disclosures.

Thus, the IRS underpayment and overpayment interest rates have an impact on a lot of basic items in US tax law. Hence, it is important to keep track of changes in these rates on a quarterly basis.